1. Human Physiology and Anatomy
Chap 1

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy = Structure (form)    
Physiology = Function "All specific functions are performed by specific structures!"

3. Course expectations Skills other than content: Note taking
Using other resources
Study disc
Quest in book
Websites
Color pgs- use of colors to help remember
Vocab/ flashcards- word dissections
Text Lab book
Diagramming
Study partners
Researching new info

4. Textbook Web Resource Website:
Student registration
Access code:
SSNAST-ABOHM-MAPLE-MEWED-TAINT-WIPES
Or me an I’ll forward the link and access code so you can cut and paste

5. Text website

6. Grading Grading: The following breakdown is approximate: Exams: 50%
Quizzes: 10%
Labs: 10%
Lab Practicals: 20%
Homework: 5%
Case Studies: 5%
Standard Grading Scale
100% - 90% = A
89% -80% = B
79% - 70% = C
69% -60% = D
59%-0%=F
ASSIGNMENTS AND DUE DATES
All homework and lab reports are due on the assigned date. Except for an excused absence, LATE WORK WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED.

7. Guests Speakers Invite a guest speaker to class.
3rd week of school until Christmas break.
Only one speaker each week -not enough weeks for all students to schedule a speaker.
“Speaker Credit” may replace one test score with 100%. All tests must be taken-redeem your credit at the end of the semester.
To earn the credit, you must show a thank you letter and a stamped/addressed envelope.

8. Learning
Read it
Hear it
See it
Do it
Teach it

9. Note taking Practice in class pgs 2-13 (Mostly review from Biology)
Groups assigned sections- take notes on your sections using your own style
(15 min)
Sections present so whole class has all notes

10. Summarize Note-taking
1. What format(s) have worked well for you for note-taking? (outlining, 2 column, complete sentences, paraphrasing, diagraming and labeling, recording and listening to many times………..)
2. What new tecnique(s) did you see today that might help improve your note-taking

11. Microscopic Anatomy Cytology – study of the cell
Histology – study of tissues

12. Physiology
Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscle uses bone for movement

13. Principle of Complementarity
Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on its specific form

14. Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules
Cellular – cells are made of molecules
Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
Organ – made up of different types of tissues
Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together
Organism – made up of the organ systems

15. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules 2
Atoms 1
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Smooth muscle tissue
Heart 3
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Cardiovascular system
Blood vessels
Epithelial tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Blood vessel (organ) 6
Organism level The human organism is made up of many organ systems
Connective tissue 4
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues 5
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Figure 1.1

16. Organ Systems of the Body
Integumentary system
Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Reproductive system
Male
Female

17. Necessary Life Functions
Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
Excretion – removal of wastes from the body
Reproduction – cellular and organismal levels
Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells
Organismal– sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person
Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the organism

18. Survival Needs
Nutrients – chemical substances used for energy and cell building
Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactions
Water – provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions
Maintaining normal body temperature – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates
Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

19. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

20. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
The variable produces a change in the body
The three interdependent components of control mechanisms are:
Receptor – monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli)
Control center – determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
Effector – provides the means to respond to the stimulus

21. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms3
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to
Control center 4
Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to
Effector
Receptor (sensor) 2
Change detected by receptor 5
Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis
Stimulus: Produces change in variable 1
Imbalance
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imbalance
Figure 1.4

22. Negative Feedback
In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus
Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels

23. Negative Feedback
Figure 1.5

24. Positive Feedback
In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Example: Regulation of blood clotting
Figure 1.6

25. Homeostatic Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium
Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over

26. Anatomical position
Supine- Face up
Prone- Face down

27. Body Planes

29. Body Planes Links Website of body planes animated
Visable Human- Male sections
Visable Human- Female sections

30. Directional terms
anterior (ventral) = front posterior (dorsal) = back superior (cranial) = upper inferior (caudal) = lower medial = midline lateral = away from midline intermediate = between medial and lateral proximal = point of origin distal = away from origin superficial = external/surface deep = internal/beneath surface parietal = associated with body wall
visceral = associated with organ

31. Regional terms- anterior view

32. Regional terms- posterior view

33. Cavities
dorsal cavity--lined with fibrous periosteum (here, a portion of the dura mater), contains central nervous system           a. cranial cavity--within skull, contains brain           b. spinal cavity--within vertebral canal, contains spinal cord
ventral cavity--lined with serous membrane, contains respiratory, cardiac, digestive, urinary, and reproductive viscera        a. thoracic cavity--within rib cage, floor is diaphragm             (1) right and left pleural cavities--contain lungs             (2) pericardial cavity--contains heart and is part of the mediastinum           b. abdominopelvic cavity--occupies much of lower front torso
           (1) abdominal cavity--contains stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, most of the small and large intestine
            (2) pelvic cavity--contains the urinary bladder and most of the parts of the reproductive system

34. Body cavities

37. Other Cavities

38. Body Regions Useful prefixes: Hypo- below Epi – above Gastri – belly
right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac
right lumbar umbilical left lumbar
right illiac hypogastric left illiac
Useful prefixes:
Hypo- below
Epi – above
Gastri – belly
Chondro - cartilage

39. Abdominals Regions with organs

41. Abdominal Quadrants with organs

43. Abdominals Regions w/o organs

46. Membranes
Serous (serosa) = Parietal (covers cavity) and Visceral (covers organ)
Fibrous = non-fluid filled, structural