1. Chapter 12 and 13 Politics and Life of the Roaring Twenties

2. Chapter 12 Section 1 (America Struggles with Power War issues)
Post War Trends:
The Effects of Peace on the Public
Economy adjusting: cost of living doubles; farm, factory orders down
—soldiers take jobs from women, minorities
—farmers, factory workers suffer
Nativism—prejudice against foreign-born people—sweeps nation
Isolationism—pulling away from world affairs—becomes popular

3. Fear of Communism The Red Scare
Communism—economic, political system, single-party government
—ruled by dictator
—no private property
1919 Vladimir I. Lenin, Bolsheviks, set up Communist state in Russia
U.S. Communist Party forms
Bombs mailed to government, businesses; people fear Red conspiracy
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer takes action

4. The Palmer Raids:
Palmer, J. Edgar Hoover hunt down Communists, socialists, anarchists
Anarchists oppose any form of government
Raids trample civil rights, fail to find evidence of conspiracy

5. A Revolution in Printing:
Red Scare feeds fear of foreigners, ruins reputations, wrecks lives
1920, Sacco and Vanzetti, Italian immigrants, anarchists, arrested
—charged with robbery, murder
—trial does not prove guilt
Jury finds them guilty; widespread protests in U.S., abroad
—Sacco, Vanzetti executed 1927

6. Limiting Immigration Anti-Immigrant Attitudes The Klan Rises Again
Nativists: fewer unskilled jobs available, fewer immigrants needed
Think immigrant anarchists and socialists are Communist
The Klan Rises Again
KKK opposes blacks, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, unions, saloons
—1924, 4.5 million members

7. The Quota System 1919–1921, number of immigrants grows almost 600%
Quota system sets maximum number can enter U.S. from each country
—sharply reduces European immigration
Prohibits Japanese immigration; causes ill will between U.S., Japan

8. A Time of Labor Unrest Post-war Labor Issues The Boston Police Strike
Government doesn’t allow strikes in wartime; 1919 over 3,000 strikes
The Boston Police Strike
Boston police strike over raises, right to unionize
Calvin Coolidge ends strike, replaces strikers with new policemen

9. The Steel Mill Strike
1919, steel workers strike; companies use force, later negotiate
Talks deadlock; Wilson appeals; strike ends
—1923 report on conditions leads to 8-hour day

10. The Coal Miners’ Strike
1919, John L. Lewis becomes head of United Mine Workers of America
Leads strike; defies court order to work; accepts arbitration
Miners receive 27% wage increase; Lewis becomes national hero

11. Section 2 The Harding Admin.
International Problems
President Warren G. Harding voices public desire for “normalcy”
Hosts Washington Naval Conference; invites major powers, not Russia
Sec. of State Charles Evans Hughes proposes disarmament, others agree
In 1928 Kellog-Briand Pact nations renounce war as national policy

12. High Tariffs and Reparations
Fordney-McCumber Tariff raises taxes on U.S. imports to 60%
Germany defaults; Dawes Plan—U.S. investors lend reparations money
—Britain, France repay; resentment on all sides

13. Scandal Hits Harding’s Administration
Harding’s Cabinet
Creates Bureau of the Budget to help run government
Has capable men in cabinet—Hughes, Herbert Hoover, Andrew Mellon
Also appoints Ohio gang—corrupt friends who cause embarrassment

14. The Teapot Dome Scandal
Teapot Dome scandal—naval oil reserves used for personal gain
Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall leases land to private companies
Takes bribes; is first person convicted of felony while in cabinet
August 1923, Harding dies suddenly
VP Calvin Coolidge assumes presidency, restores faith in government

15. Section 3 The Business of America
Coolidge’s Economic Policy
Calvin Coolidge favors minimal government interference in business
—allow private enterprise to flourish
The Impact of the Automobile
Cars change life—paved roads, gas stations, motels, shopping centers
Workers live far from jobs, leads to urban sprawl (spread of cities)
Auto industry economic base for some cities, boosts oil industry
By late 1920s, 1 car for every 5 Americans

16. The Young Airplane Industry
Airplane industry starts as mail service for U.S. Post Office
Lockheed Company produces popular transport plane of late 1920s
1927, Pan American Airways inaugurates transatlantic flights

17. America’s Standard of Living Soars
Incomes Grow
Average annual income rises over 35%, from $522 to $705

18. Electrical Conveniences
Factories use electricity to run machines
Development of alternating current gives electricity to suburbs
By end of 1920s, more homes begin to have electrical appliances
Appliances make housework easier

19. The Dawn of Modern Advertising
Make brand names familiar nationwide; push luxuries as necessities

20. A Superficial (Shallow) Prosperity
Producing Great Quantities of Goods
Productivity increasing, businesses expanding
Mergers in auto industry, steel, electrical equipment, utilities
Chain stores develop; national banks allowed to create branches
Iron, railroad industries not prosperous; farms suffer losses

21. Buying Goods on Credit
Installment plan—pay for goods over extended period with interest
Banks provide money at low interest rates
Think is sign of fundamental weakness behind superficial prosperity

22. Chapter 13 The Roaring Life of the Twenties
Section 1 (Changing Ways of Life)
The New Urban Scene
1922–1929, nearly 2 million people leave farms, towns each year
Largest cities are New York, Chicago, Philadelphia
— 65 other cities with 100,000 people or more

23. The Prohibition Experiment
18th Amendment launches Prohibition era
— supported by religious groups, rural South, West
Prohibition—production, sale, transportation of alcohol illegal
Government does not budget enough money to enforce the law

24. Speakeasies and Bootleggers
Speakeasies (hidden saloons, nightclubs) become fashionable
People distill liquor, buy prescription alcohol, sacramental wine
Bootleggers smuggle alcohol from surrounding countries

25. Organized Crime
Prohibition contributes to organized crime in major cities
Al Capone controls Chicago liquor business by killing competitors
By mid-1920s, only 19% support Prohibition
18th Amendment in force until 1933; repealed by 21st Amendment

26. Science and Religion Clash
American Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism—movement based on literal interpretation of Bible
Fundamentalists skeptical of some scientific discoveries, theories
— reject theory of evolution
Believe all important knowledge can be found in Bible
Fundamentalist preachers lead religious revivals in South, West

27. 1925, Tennessee passes law making it a crime to teach evolution
The Scopes Trial
1925, Tennessee passes law making it a crime to teach evolution
American Civil Liberties Union backs John T. Scopes challenge of law
Clarence Darrow, most famous trial lawyer of day, defends Scopes
Scopes trial—debates evolution, role of science, religion in school
— national sensation; thousands attend
Scopes found guilty

28. Section 2 The Twenties Women
The Flapper
Flapper—emancipated young woman, adopts new fashions, attitudes
The Double Standard
Elders disapprove new behavior and its promotion by periodicals, ads
Women subject to double standard
— must observe stricter standards of behavior

29. Women Shed Old Roles at Home and at Work
New Work Opportunities
Female college graduates become teachers, nurses, librarians
Many women become clerical workers as demand rises
Some become sales clerks, factory workers

30. Section 3 Education and Popular Culture
School Enrollments
High school population increases dramatically in 1920s due to:
Public schools prepare immigrant children who speak no English
School taxes increase as school costs rise sharply

31. Expanding News Coverage
Mass media shapes mass culture; takes advantage of greater literacy
1920s, mass-market magazines thrive; Reader’s Digest, Time founded
Radio Comes of Age
Radio is most powerful communications medium of 1920s
Networks provide shared national experience
— can hear news as it happens

32. America Chases New Heroes and Old Dreams
New-Found Leisure Time
In 1920s, many people have extra money, leisure time to enjoy it
Crowds attend sports events; athletes glorified by mass media
Lindbergh’s Flight
Charles A. Lindbergh makes first solo nonstop flight across Atlantic
Lindbergh paves the way for other pilots

33. Introduction of sound leads millions to attend every week
Entertainment and the Arts
Introduction of sound leads millions to attend every week
George Gershwin uses jazz to create American music
Painters portray American realities, dreams
Georgia O’Keeffe paints intensely colored canvases of New York

34. Writers of the 1920s
Sinclair Lewis is first American to win Nobel Prize for literature
— criticizes conformity, materialism
F. Scott Fitzgerald reveals negative side of era’s gaiety, freedom
Edna St. Vincent Millay celebrates youth, independence in her poems
Expatriate Ernest Hemingway introduces simple, tough, American style

35. The Harlem Renaissance
The Move North
1910–1920, Great Migration of thousands of African Americans
By 1920, over 40% of African Americans live in cities

36. African-American Goals
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
— protests racial violence
NAACP leader James Weldon Johnson fights for civil rights legislation
Marcus Garvey and the UNIA
Marcus Garvey founds Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA
— believes African Americans should build separate society
Garvey promotes black pride, black businesses, return to Africa

37. African-American Writers
Harlem Renaissance—African-American literary, artistic movement
— express pride in African-American experience
Claude McKay’s poems urge blacks to resist prejudice, discrimination
Langston Hughes’s poems describe difficult lives of working class
Zora Neale Hurston shows folkways, values of poor, Southern blacks

38. African-American Performers
Musical comedy Shuffle Along launches movement
— is popular with white audiences
African-American performers win large followings
Paul Robeson—major dramatic actor in London, New York

39. African Americans and Jazz
Jazz born in early 20th century New Orleans, spreads across U.S.
Trumpeter Louis Armstrong makes personal expression key part of jazz
— most influential musician in jazz history
Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington—jazz pianist, orchestra leader
— one of America’s greatest composers
Bessie Smith—blues singer, perhaps best vocalist of decade