2. Mendelian Heredity (Fundamentals of Genetics) CH9 pg 173

3. Sexual Reproduction Combining of a sperm cell and an egg cell from two individuals The offspring of this "cross" will have characteristics from both "parents“ – hybrid

4. Self – Pollination Contrasting traits, easy to grow and reproduce

5. Heterozygous 3:1 Ratio

6. Characters vs Traits

7. Mendel’s Laws of Heredity Law of Dominance - One factor (trait) in a pair may mask the effect of the other. Pg 177

8. Law of Segregation - The two traits for a characteristic separate during the formation of eggs and sperm. Pg 177 Mendel’s Laws of Heredity

9. Law of Independent Assortment - The traits for different characteristics are distributed to reproductive cells independently. pg177 Mendel’s Laws of Heredity

10. Using Punnett Squares Punnett Square – Model that predicts the likely outcomes of a genetic cross with the alleles taken from the parents – Shows all the genotypes that could result from a given cross

11. How to for Punnett Square Capital letter – Dominant trait – Letter represents trait (B for brown) – Dominant always written first in sequence (Bb) Lower case letter – recessive trait – same letter as dominant trait (b for blond)

12. Monohybrid Cross Contrasting traits (purple vs white flower) Homozygous Cross (PP or pp) Heterozygous Cross (Pp) – Paternal alleles across the top – Maternal alleles down the left side

13. Monohybrid Cross Phenotype Genotype

14. Using Probability Likelihood that a specific event will occur Probability = # of one kind of possible outcomes total # of all possible outcomes Probability of a specific allele in a gamete Represented as a fraction or ratio

15. Probability in a Heterozygous Cross Flipping a coin/ possible alleles Both parents have Pp, How do you know? P p P p

16. Using a Pedigree Several generations Determine genetic disorders or diseases that can be inherited Pedigrees can help answers questions about the three factors of inheritance – Sex-linked Genes – Dominant or Recessive – Heterozygous or Homozygous

17. Many Genes, Many Alleles Polygenic Inheritance – Several genes affect characteristic – Relative greenness or brownness, blue eyes are recessive

18. Many Genes, Many Alleles Incomplete Dominance – Intermediate between traits – Snapdragon (red and white = pink)

19. Many Genes, Many Alleles Multiple Alleles – 3 or more possible alleles, only to alleles for a gene can be present – Complex dominance – Blood types and Labrador coat color

20. ABO blood groups

21. Many Genes, Many Alleles Codominance – Both Alleles for the same gene are fully expressed

22. Genes affected by the Environment Nutrients and temperature Personality and behavior

23. Genes Linked Within Chromosome Genes that are close together are less likely to be separated than genes that are far apart