1. Genetics

2. What is Genetics Genetics is the scientific study of heredity.
Heredity is what makes each species unique.
Heredity is the passing on of genes from one generation to the next.

3. Basic Genetics Terminology
Section of DNA on a chromosome that determines I trait
Allele
Different forms of a gene
Dominant – allele masks other alleles; represented by capital letter
Recessive – allele is only shown (epressed) when a dominant gene is not presentIndividuals with identical alleles are called homozygous

4. Genetics Terminology Cont…
Homozygous
When both alleles for a trait are identical
Heterozygous
When the alleles for a trait are different
Genotype
Actual genetic make-up for a trait
Homozygous dominant = DD
Homozygous recessive = dd
Heterozygous = Dd
Phenotype
The expression of the gene; physical characteristic
Descriptive such as tall for TT or Tt

5. Genetics Terminology Cont…
F1 Generation
The first generation of offspring from two parents
F2 Generation
The offspring from the breeding of two F1 generation offspring
Test Cross
an experimental cross of an individual organism of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype to an organism with a  homozygous recessive genotype to determine if the dominant parent is homozygous or heterozygous

6. Probability & Genetics
Probability is the likelihood that an event will happen.
The principle of probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses.

7. Punnett Squares
Diagram used to predict genetic crosses.

8. How to use Punnett Squares
Choose a letter to represent the alleles.
Write the genotypes of the parents.
Determine the possible gametes (reproductive cells) of each parent.
Enter the possible gamete at the top and side of the Punnett square.
Complete the Punnett square by writing the alleles from the gametes in the appropriate boxes.
Determine the phenotypes of the offspring.
Using the results of step E and F write down the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

9. More Punnett Squares Note: Always put The dominant Alleles first
In the squares

10. Punnett Squares Monohybrid & Dihybrid Crosses

11. Gregor Mendel Austrian Monk Famous for his work with pea plants
He is known as the father of genetics

12. Mendel

13. Mendel’s Work
Mendel used true-breeding plants which means if they were left to breed with themselves they would produce offspring identical to themselves.
Mendel studied 7 different traits in pea plants.
A trait is a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another.

14. The Principle of Dominance
The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.
Dominant alleles are always expressed.
Recessive alleles are only expressed if both alleles are recessive.

15. Segregation & Independent Assortment
The separation of alleles during meiosis to form gamates (sex cells).
The Law of Independent Assortment states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gamates.

16. Law of Segregation

17. Laws of Inheritance

18. Mendel’s Principles
The inheritance of biological characteristics are determined by genes.
For two or more forms of a gene, dominance and recessive forms may exist.
Most sexually reproductive organisms have two sets of genes that separate during gamete formation.
Alleles segregate independently.

19. Genetics Practice Monohybrid
In summer squash, white colored fruit is dominant over yellow. If you place pollen from a yellow–fruited plant on the pistil of a hybrid white–fruited ( heterozygous ) plant, what type of seeds would you expect from the seed which come from this cross?

20. Problems Continued…
In cats the gene for short hair is dominant over the gene for long hair (angora). A short– haired tom is mated with an Angora female. What are the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios?

21. Beyond Dominant and Recessive
Incomplete Dominance – One allele is not completely dominant over the other. White flower crosses with a red = pink flower.
Phenotype of a
heterozygous
individual is a blend

22. Beyond Dominant and Recessive
Codominance – Both alleles contribute to the phenotype. Red cow X White Cow = Roan Cow.
Two capital letters are
usually used in
Punnett square

23. Beyond Dominant and Recessive
Multiple Alleles – More than two alleles control the phenotype. Coat color of rabbits.

24. Multiple Alleles – Blood Type
Blood Type is the phenotype
A and B are codominant
Both A and B are dominant to O
I stands for immunoglobulin

26. Beyond Dominant and Recessive
Polygenic traits –
Several genes
control the trait.
Human skin and
eye color; dark
colors are usually
dominant to lighter
colors

28. Evolution of Polygenic Traits