1. ECON 5570: Money and Banking
Lecture 9: Chapter 9
Financial crises

2. Learning Objectives Discuss the factors that lead to financial crises
Explain how increases in adverse selection and moral hazard cause financial crises
Discuss the global financial crisis of 2007–2009 which led to a number of banking crises around the world and a decline in global economic activity

3. What is a Financial Crisis?
A financial crisis occurs when there is a large disruption to information flows in financial markets
The result is that financial frictions increase sharply and financial markets stop functioning
There are two main components to a financial crisis:
Sharp declines in asset prices
Mass insolvencies of financial and non-financial institutions

4. Dynamics of a financial crisis—Advanced economy
Financial liberalization: The elimination of restrictions on financial markets and institutions or major financial innovations are introduced into the market
Financial liberalization plays an important role in promoting economic growth and development, but it can lead to credit boom and financial institutions take on excessive risk

5. Dynamics of a financial crisis—Advanced economy
2. Deterioration in Financial institutions balance sheet As more loans default this drives down the net worth of financial institutions and deleveraging occurs This causes asymmetric information and financial frictions to rise

6. Dynamics of a financial crisis—Advanced economy
3. Asset price declines Asset prices can be priced well-over their fundamental economic values because of investor psychology and cause asset-price bubbles When asset bubbles burst, companies see their net worth fall and the value of their collateral drop

7. Dynamics of a financial crisis—Advanced economy
4. Increase in interest rates Banks may raise interest rates as banks reduce their lending This may affect the firm’s cash flow as higher interest rate requires higher interest payments. With less internal funds to finance capital investments, firms must borrow from the financial institutions.

8. Dynamics of a financial crisis—Advanced economy
5. Increase in uncertainty The increase in uncertainty surrounding the solvency of financial and non-financial institutions causes savers to become more reluctant to deposit their savings Those who are borrowing and are willing to accept a higher interest rate are usually ones who are the riskiest

9. Dynamics of a financial crisis—Advanced economy
6. Banking crisis The deterioration of a financial institution’s net worth may cause the institution to take on riskier projects to raise their net worth Bankruptcy: A firm is no longer able to meet its legal obligations to its financial creditors Insolvency: A firm has a negative net worth

10. Dynamics of a financial crisis—Advanced economy
6. Banking crisis The deterioration of a financial institution’s net worth may cause the institution to take on riskier projects to raise their net worth Bankruptcy: A firm is no longer able to meet its legal obligations to its financial creditors Insolvency: A firm has a negative net worth

11. Dynamics of a financial crisis—Advanced economy
7. Debt Deflation Most debt contracts are created under fixed nominal terms, so as price levels decline, this raises the value of borrowing firm’s liabilities in real terms Net worth declines in real terms

12. Dynamics of a financial crisis—Emerging Markets
1e. Government fiscal imbalances Large government deficits may lead to fears of default of government debt. Governments may force banks to purchase their bonds. If the fear of default is high, many investors may sell the government bonds, driving sharp declines in bank balance sheets

13. Dynamics of a financial crisis—Emerging Markets
2e. Currency crisis
Currency crisis: A sudden devaluation of a currency which is often subject to a speculative attack
To defend against speculative attacks the government has limited options:
Raise interest rates to encourage capital inflow
Defend currency by buying domestic currency

14. APPLICATION The Mother of All Financial Crises: The Great Depression
How did a financial crisis unfold during the Great Depression and how it led to the worst economic downturn in U.S. history?
This event was brought on by:
Stock market crash
Bank panics
Continuing decline in stock prices
Debt deflation

15. Stock Price Data During the Great Depression Period

16. Credit Spreads During the Great Depression

17. Application: The Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2009
The global financial crisis refers to the U.S. financail crisis caused by the U.S. subprime market
Causes:
Financial innovations emerge in the mortgage markets
Housing price bubble forms
Agency problems arise
Information problems surface
Housing price bubble bursts

18. Application: The Global Financial Crisis of 2007 - 2009 (cont’d)
Banks’ balance sheets deteriorate
write downs
sell of assets and credit restriction
High-profile firms fail
Bear Stearns (March 2008)
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (July 2008)
Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, AIG, Reserve Primary Fund (mutual fund) and Washington Mutual (September 2008)

19. Application: The Global Financial Crisis of 2007 - 2009 (cont’d)
Bailout package debated
House of Representatives voted down the $700 billion bailout package on September 29, 2008
it passed on October 3
Recovery in sight?
Congress approved a $787 billion economic stimulus plan on February 13, 2009

20. Stock Prices and the Financial Crisis of 2007–2009

21. Credit Spreads and the 2007–2009 Financial Crisis in the United States

22. APPLICATION Financial Crises in Mexico, 1994–1995
Mexico: Financial liberalization in the early 1990s:
lending boom, coupled with weak supervision and lack of expertise
banks accumulated losses and their net worth declined.
Rise in interest rates abroad
Uncertainty increased (political instability)
Domestic currency devaluated on December 20, 1994
Rise in actual and expected inflation

23. APPLICATION Financial Crises in East Asia, 1997–1998
East Asia: Financial liberalization in the early 1990s:
lending boom, coupled with weak supervision and lack of expertise.
banks accumulated losses and their net worth declined.
Uncertainty increased (stock market declines and failure of prominent firms).
Domestic currencies devaluated by 1997.
Rise in actual and expected inflation

24. APPLICATION Financial Crises in Argentina, 2001–2002
Argentina: Government coerced banks to absorb large amounts of debt due to fiscal imbalances.
Rise in interest rates abroad.
Uncertainty increased (ongoing recession).
Domestic currency devaluated on January 6, 2002
Rise in actual and expected inflation