1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Abolitionism

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Describe efforts in the North to end slavery. Discuss the contributions of William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and other abolitionists. Describe the purpose and risks of the Underground Railroad. Explain why many people in the North and South defended slavery. Objectives

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People abolitionists – reformers who wanted to abolish, or end, slavery William Lloyd Garrison – a Quaker who launched an abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and cofounded the New England Anti-Slavery Society Frederick Douglass – a former slave who spoke out against slavery and published an antislavery newspaper, North Star Harriet Tubman – a former slave who helped many slaves escape via the Underground Railroad

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did abolitionists try to end slavery? Since colonial times, some Americans had opposed slavery on religious and moral grounds. Abolitionists tried to end slavery through the political system, the press, and non- governmental antislavery organizations.

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1790, Pennsylvania became the first state to pass a law that gradually eliminated slavery. A number of prominent leaders of the early republic, such as Alexander Hamilton and Benjamin Franklin, opposed slavery. By 1804, every northern state had ended or pledged to end slavery, and Congress had banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The American Colonization Society, an early antislavery organization, wanted to free slaves gradually and transport them to Liberia, a colony founded in 1822 on the west coast of Africa.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. By 1830, only about 1,400 African Americans had migrated to Liberia. The colonization movement did not work because most enslaved people had grown up in the United States and did not want to leave.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. By the mid- 1800s, a small but growing number of people were abolitionists who called for an immediate end to slavery. The Second Great Awakening inspired further opposition to slavery.

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. David Walker, a northern African American, published a pamphlet called Appeal: to the Coloured Citizens of the World. He urged enslaved people to rebel, if necessary, to gain their freedom.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1831, Garrison launched an abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, which folded only after slavery had ended. William Lloyd Garrison opposed the use of violence to end slavery because he was a Quaker. Yet, he was more radical than most, because he thought all African Americans should have full political rights.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Garrison cofounded the New England Anti-Slavery Society—which later became the American Anti- Slavery Society—whose members included Minister Theodore Weld, a pupil of Charles Finney Sarah and Angelina Grimke, daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1839, he proposed a constitutional amendment that would ban slavery in any new state joining the Union, but the amendment was not passed. In 1841, Adams defended captive Africans who had seized the slave ship Amistad and helped them regain their freedom. Former President John Quincy Adams, now a congressman, also supported the abolitionists.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. One of the most powerful speakers for abolitionism was Frederick Douglass. A former slave, Douglass escaped to the North and risked recapture by speaking at antislavery rallies. Douglass also published his own antislavery newspaper, the North Star.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some abolitionists helped people escape from slavery via the Underground Railroad. The Underground Railroad was a network of people who secretly helped slaves reach freedom.

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Working for the Underground Railroad was illegal and dangerous, and people risked their lives to help runaway slaves. As many as 50,000 African Americans escaped from slavery to freedom in the North or in Canada via the Underground Railroad.

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The fugitive slaves were led by “conductors.” They stopped at “stations,” which were often abolitionists’ houses, or churches or caves. Supporters donated clothing, food, and money.

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Harriet Tubman was the most famous conductor on the Underground Railroad. She personally helped more than 300 slaves escape to freedom. Slave owners tried to stop her, offering a $40,000 reward for her capture, but she was never caught.

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Abolitionists faced powerful obstacles in the North as well as in the South. Many northerners relied on cotton produced in the South by slave labor. Northerners also feared that freed slaves would take their jobs.

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The state of Georgia offered a $5,000 reward for the arrest and conviction of William Lloyd Garrison for libel. Southerners in Congress won passage of a “gag rule” that blocked discussion of antislavery petitions. Northern supporters of slavery sometimes attacked people at antislavery meetings. Defenders of slavery began to act with greater force.