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Coping with water scarcity Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines.

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Presentation on theme: "Coping with water scarcity Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines."— Presentation transcript:

1 Coping with water scarcity Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines

2 Reduce seepage, percolation, evaporation 1 Land preparation 2 Crop establishment 3 Crop growth period Reducing nonproductive outflows

3 1. Land preparation (get basics right) Field channels for irrigation and drainage Land leveling Crack plowing Soil compaction Good puddling Good bund establishment

4 Plot-to-plot irrigation: difficult to control water depth and terminal drainage

5 => construct field canals

6 Effect of uneven fields: Submerged spots Drought spots Weed growth Uneven nutrient distribution

7 Wet land levelling

8 Modern technology: Laser-guided leveling

9 Cracks before land preparation Rapid “bypass flow”

10 Shallow tillage to plough cracks

11 Water use in land preparation, Bulacan, 1993

12 Thorough puddling One hole is plug out of bathtub!

13 Construct good bunds; plaster well. Check during season!

14 Rat hole in bund

15 Bund lining

16 Lining of bunds: 450 mm less water used Water input, including land preparation (mm) IRRI farm DS 2001-2002 IrrigationRainfall

17 Innovative farmer in Mekong Delta, Vietnam

18 2. Crop establishment Short land preparation phase Communal seed beds Efficient use of rainfall (cropping calendar) Crop establishment: Direct wet seeding Direct dry seeding Zero till

19 Lump into community seed beds

20 W TP > W WS Land preparation SoakingSowingTransplanting Main field Seedbed Main field SowingSoaking Transplanting Wet seeding Effect of direct seeding

21 Direct wet seeding

22 Direct wet seeding: drum seeder

23

24 Direct dry seeding

25 Zero till in direct dry seeding

26 Amount of water applied to the field to produce 1 kg of rice (MUDA, Malaysia) Amount of water (kg) Transplanting Direct Seeding 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Effect of direct seeding

27 3. Crop growth period Good bund maintenance (e.g., rat holes) Reduced evaporation Reduced percolation and seepage through decrease pressure head Reduced ponded water depth Saturated soil culture Raised beds Alternate wetting and drying (separate) Aerobic rice (separate)

28 Keep ponded water depth at 5-10 cm or lower (reduced pressure head => less SP) Saturated soil culture: just keep soil at saturation (many small irrigation gifts) Keep 5-cm flooded around flowering! Water management during crop growth

29 YW in WP IR 5.02,1970.23 4.91,0590.46 4.69140.50 4.08800.46 5.21,6930.31 5.22,1870.24 4.58740.52 4.08700.46 Guimba, Philippines, 1988

30 Yield (t ha -1 ) Water (mm) WP IR (g grain kg -1 water) Transplanted Flooded7.46941.06 SSC6.73731.81 Wet seeded Flooded7.66311.20 SSC7.33242.27 Saturated soil culture (SSC) Munoz, Philippines, 1991

31 Yield (t ha -1 ) Water (mm) WP IR (g grain kg -1 water) 1996 Flooded4.31,4170.31 SSC4.21,3300.32 1997 Flooded4.71,9200.25 SSC4.51,2690.36 SSC in dry-seeded rice San Jose City, Philippines, 1991

32 30 cm 37 cm 15 cm 250 cm Raised beds; alternate irrigation (furrows); Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; Rice-Wheat Consortium site Raised bed cultivation in India

33 Rice on raised beds to keep soil saturated Meerut and Ghaziabad (Delhi), India

34

35 Direct Seeded Transplanted Rice on raised beds; Punjab, India

36 Yield (t ha -1 ) Water (mm) WP IR (g grain kg -1 water) 2001 Flooded5.51,6090.34 Beds FC3.21,0300.35 Flat FC3.2 9280.31 2002 Flooded5.41,5780.34 Beds FC3.7 9920.38 Flat FC3.71,0320.36 Raised and flat beds at Field Capacity Delhi, India

37 Extreme measures: reduce E by plastic film Experimentation in rice Some farmer adoption China: thousands of ha In North China Plain In upland crops (maize, cotton, melon,.)

38 Rice farmers adopting plastic film in Shiyan, China (6000 ha) Higher soil T => earlier establishment Less E Less weeds Higher yields

39 Applying film: make sure there is no air between film and soil Pierce holes for transplanting seedling

40 New machine development: can cover the film and pierce holes at the same time, operated by only one person

41

42 Irrigate through furrows: keep soil below saturation

43 Clear film from land after harvest. Waste disposal?

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