1. History Review Kaline

2. Period 1 (1491-1607) ●Key concepts: ○The relationship between Europeans and Native Americans ○The Columbian Exchange (A new curriculum) ○Enconmedia System ○Economic and Political Systems ○Social and Geographical Changes

3. Colonization -Europeans (Spanish and Portuguese) put Natives in slavery, justifying that their religion was barbaric because it wasn’t Christianity which Juan de Sepulveda agreed with and Bartolome de Las Casas did not. -Europeans: -brought diseases -Africans: -Maroon communities created to preserve african culture/autonomy in New World -combined with Spanish cultures/customs -Spanish: -Spanish mission system where there were military outposts to help convert natives -Las Cades argued that Natives needed to be treated equally, which ended Enconmedia system *beginning of white supremacy

4. The Columbian Exchange -Trade of plants, animals, humans, diseases, and culture between America, Europe and Africa -Connection of the Two hemisphere: -Americas to Europe and Africa: potatoes, corn, tomatoes. Shift from feudalism to capitalism. -Europe to Americas: wheat, rice, horses, chickens, oxen -Europe and Asia: massive population growth due to new food -Africa: Spanish and Portuguese increased their number of slaves -In America: spread of diseases like smallpox, social classes having Mestizos and Mulattos as the lowest class, horses a new form of transportation, Encomienda system

5. Economic & Political Systems -New Agricultural economy in the America’s: corn was a major product because it transformed their culture from hunter-gatherers to farmers and increased their population. -Northeast and Atlantic Seaboard: -Iroquois: matriarchal (female) society where they adapted to their environment - burned forests to hunt and grow crops and villages built around maize

6. Technological Improvements -sextant - basically a GPS -Joint-stock companies - pooled money together to pay for exploration -Reasons for exploration were for three G’s: Wealth (gold), glory and religion (god).

7. Period 2 (1607-1754) ●Key Concepts: ○Similarities/Differences in Spanish, French, Dutch & English ○Interactions between Native Americans and Euro. countries above ○How and why slavery evolved ○Geographical location

8. Spanish, French, Dutch & English -Spanish: -strict control over colonization (trade in few ports), exploited natives -sought to convert natives to Christianity, forced many into encomienda system and used as trading partners -French/Dutch: -French → intermarried w/ natives -Coureurs de Bois - French beaver fur traders living amongst natives - alliance with Algonquin Indians -Dutch → built extensive trade routes (mostly NY like French) -encouraged settlement to New World -English: -based on agriculture, immigrants, hostility to Natives -tobacco = cash crop -conflict w/ natives - Powhatans, Bacon’s Rebellion, Pequot War, King Philip's’ War (natoves vs. english in Wampanoags)

9. Slave Trade in British Colonies -Emergence of Atlantic Slave trade b/c abundance of land meant a need for laborers and agriculture farming; shortage of indentured servants esp. after Bacon’s rebellion in 1676. Africans were more immune to Euro. diseases than Native Americans -belief of racial superiority. Surrogate relatives where slaves relied on kinship networks -slave resistance meant working slowly, faking illnesses etc. - Stono Rebellion in 1739 in South Carolina where 100 Africans killed several whites trying to flee. They were executed and harsh laws were passed

10. Geography & Major Crops New England: - Religion → -Puritan beliefs were Anglican Church needed to be purified not separate -John Winthrop’s “City Upon a hill” -Lack of religious toleration -Town-hall meetings where church members had the power. No separation of church and state. -Economy → -agriculture - Boston becomes major city PORT Middle Colonies: -most diverse demographically, religiously and ethnically -quakers in Pennsylvania (William Penn) - religiously tolerant -Women in Pennsylvania - more rights - equal positions in Church -Immigrants from Germany

11. con’t... Chesapeake Colonies & North Carolina: -tobacco is their dependant crop. Plantations developed meant more job hours -exhaust land led to expansion and conflicts w/ natives Southern Colonies & West Indies: -rice major staple crop -very arduous labor - increase in slavery West Indies (Barbados): -sugar Slaves therefore began to make up the majority of the population and a development of slave codes began being regulated which gave more power to slave owners

12. European conflicts -French and Indian war almost all natives were allied with French besides Iroquois -English - tobacco vs. French - furs in Ohio value; trading w/ natives -colonists wanted to expand, but Britain forbade it and passed acts to raise taxes: Molasses Act. Effect: smuggling -Spanish colonization accommodating (after Pueblo Revolt) vs. English settlers - Natives were “savages” -tribes traded for guns Growth of Slavery: -Middle Passage - shipment of Africans in close quarter ships -Triangular trade - Rum, Sugar, Molasses, Slaves -merchants defied Navigation Acts & traded goods w/ French, Dutch, Spanish

13. Religion & Race Evangelism: -Quakes in Maryland Acts of Toleration meant tolerance for ALL Christians -First Great Awakening saw George Whitefield from England travel to the colonies to spread religion -Great Awakening → Enlightenment led to questioning the government and religious diversity -Laws: crimes were redefined (John Peter Zenger Trial) -British Imperial System more enforced Discrimination: -blacks and whites lived in separate quarters -Spanish and french more “accepting”. Spanish saw an emergence of Mulattoes and Mestizos (mixed people) in the Spanish Empire.