1. With Carrots and Sticks: An Overview of Authoritarian Rule in the Middle East

2. Prevalence of authoritarian states Longevity of authoritarian states and their rulers

3. A map of freedom in the world 2004, from Freedom House’s annual report. Dark blue= “not free”; yellow= “partially free”; green equals “free”.

4. President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, 1981-2005 Muammar Qaddafi of Libya, 1969-2005

5. King Hussein of Jordan, 1953-1999 King Hussein with son (later king) Abdullah Young King Hussein greeting soldiers

6. Mohammad Reza Shah of Iran (and son), 1941- 1979 President Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia, 1957-1987 Saddam Hussein of Iraq, ruling from 1968-2003

7. Different types of regimes  Single-party autocracies –Egypt, Tunisia, Iraq (until 2003), Syria, Algeria*  Monarchies and dynasties –Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Morocco, Kuwait, UAE  Democracies and semi-democracies –Yemen, Lebanon, Turkey, Pal. Authority, Israel –Islamic theocracy (Iran)

8. How Authoritarian Rulers Maintain Power: A Short List #1- Make Socio-political Alliances #2- Take good care of your citizenry #3- When necessary, wage war with an external or imagined enemy #4- Co-opt potential opposition #5-Invent tradition and Use Spectacle #6-Spread Fear and Suppress Dissent