1. Climate Change: Present and Future Hurricanes & Tornadoes Some of chapters 19, 20 & 21 Pete Kozich

2. Climate Change Factors Extraterrestrial factors: Solar output, Earth-Sun geometry, Interstellar dust… focus on these first Intra-Earth System factors: Atmospheric reflectivity (aerosols, clouds, and precipitation) Surface reflectivity, Continental drift, Atmospheric chemistry, Volcanic emissions, Atmosphere-Ocean heat exchange, Mountain building

3. Climate Change …already covered the extraterrestrial factors

4. Climate change Intra-Earth System factors: Atmospheric reflectivity (aerosols, clouds, and precipitation) Surface reflectivity, Continental drift, Atmospheric chemistry, Volcanic emissions, Atmosphere-Ocean heat exchange, Mountain building Already covered the boldface That leaves: Atmospheric reflectivity (aerosols, clouds, and precipitation) Surface reflectivity, and Atmospheric chemistry

5. Climate Change Surface reflectivity (surface albedo). Increased albedo would lead to less surface warming, with more sunlight reflected into space. How does one increase surface albedo: more ice & snow, less oceans, more deserts. Atmospheric chemistry. N 2, 0 2, and Ar do little to climate. H 2 0, C0 2, and CH 4 are important greenhouse gases. S0 4 helps facilitate condensation and ends up reflecting lots of incoming sunlight, and so would cool the surface of the earth.

6. Some estimates of major factors involved in climate change

7. Climate Change Atmospheric reflectivity (aerosols, clouds, and precipitation). This is the great unknown, and probably has even greater impacts than greenhouse gases. Clouds comprise about 2/3 of Earth’s albedo, which clouds affecting radiation transfer depending on their level and thickness. Precipitation nuclei affect heating profiles and change cloud reflection properties. Precipitation also is important in latent heat release and surface properties of the Earth. It gets very confusing and extremely complex very quickly. The roles of water vapor are extremely complex in the atmosphere.

8. Climate Clouds at upper levels tend to emit little energy and allow a lot of sunlight through.  Increase surface temp Clouds at lower levels tend to emit a lot of energy but not allow much sunlight through.  Decrease surface temp Clouds that are thicker and have more cloud condensation nuclei reflect more. Also, how long clouds last will affect temperatures.

9. Sunspot cycles Shorter sunspot cycles (~10 years), more active sun and greater solar output. Last several decades. Longer period cycles (~12 years), less solar output (textbook has great picture of temperature and sunspot period). No sunspots during Little Ice Age. Is this as large of an effect or larger than greenhouse gases? Possibly, possibly not. We don’t know.

12. What to conclude We are not certain what has caused global warming the past few decades. Greenhouse gases do seem at least partially responsible for it. The sun is probably also at least partially responsible. Global warming is also occurring on Mars, though. Most global warming research has ignored the sun, Earth’s primary energy source. Our society has become too greenhouse gas obsessive. This will obsession will probably decrease a bit in the future, as I would guess we’ll all figure out that greenhouse gases are not the whole story.

13. Remember Don’t forget about the oceans, cloud changes, and changes in solar radiation in addition to greenhouse gas concentrations. All four play very large factors in our climate for time scales pertinent to our lifetimes. Vegetation changes may also be significant. We will probably know a great deal more than we do in 20 years. If the temperature trends shoot upward the next 20 years, as they did from 1980- 2000, then we indeed have trouble and will need to address global warming more fully than we do now.

14. Hurricanes We do not know how climate change will effect hurricanes. Best predictions to date: near same or decrease in overall number, with the very strongest possibly becoming slightly stronger if global warming continues. We do not a lot more about formation, structure, and intensity of hurricanes than how they would change if the future climate changes appreciably.

15. Hurricanes Formation. Necessary but not sufficient conditions… -Disturbance of low pressure. Tropical wave, ITCZ rollup, monsoon trough, stalled frontal boundary, MCS, midlatitude cyclone -Low level cyclonic vorticity (spin) -Moist low and mid levels. -Vertical instability. -Planetary vorticity (not on equator) -Lack of vertical wind shear, with diffluent pattern aloft. -Sufficiently warm ocean temperatures.

17. Hurricanes Eye formation. Heating from deep clouds in tropical storm help contract the wind field and change the vertical wind fields and structure as well. Eventually, the deep clouds will cause sinking motion over the middle of the storm. When that sinking motion is great enough, it will dissipate the clouds, making an eye, and some of that air will be ingested in the deep clouds surrounding the eye (the eyewall). The eyewall will intensify until it reaches equilibrium with the maximum intensity limits set on by its surrounding environment.

18. Devonian oxygen increasing

21. Tornadoes Storms with a persistent, rotating updraft (supercells) can have strong vertical winds. Evaporatively cooled air associated with falling precipitation may meet air ahead of it that is warm and rising. Interaction with the thunderstorm updraft (typically spinning cyclonically) may help create a violent, rotating column of wind in contact with the ground (a tornado).