1. Classification Go to Section:

2. Important Vocabulary 1. Taxonomy: science of classification 2. Binomial nomenclature: two name naming system 3. Prokaryotic: cells without nucleus 4. Eukaryotic: cells with a nucleus 5. Autotroph: organism capable capturing energy from sunlight or chemicals & produces its own food 6. Heterotroph: organism that obtains its energy from food it consumes Slide # 2

3. Why organisms are given scientific names-- a.Common names are misleading b.To study the diversity of life Slide # 3 Finding Order in Diversity Go to Section: jellyfish silverfish star fish None of these animals are fish!

4. Some organisms have several common names Slide # 4 Go to Section: This cat is commonly known as: Florida panther Mountain lion Puma Cougar Scientific name: Felis concolor Scientific name means “coat of one color” Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms

5. Slide # 5 Aristotle: The First to Classify Go to Section: Aristotle grouped jellyfish & clown fish together because they lived in the water. However, these organisms are not closely related. Grouped organisms together that were not related. System remained unchanged for almost 2,000 years.

6. Slide # 6 Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy Go to Section: Carolus Linnaeus 1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification – binomial nomenclature a.Two name naming system  Genus and species  Genus: noun species: adjective  Genus capitalized  species not capitalized  Both names are italicized or underlined  EX: Gray wolf: Canis lupus

7. Slide # 7 Family Species Kingdom Phylum Class Order Genus Go to Section: Linnaeus’s System is Hierarchical Most Inclusive Least Inclusive 1.Which of the following contains all of the others? a.Familyc. Class b.Species d. Order 2.Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same: a.Familyc. Order b.Genusd. Species

8. Grizzly bearBlack bearGiant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Slide # 8 Hierarchical Ordering of Classification Go to Section: As we move from the kingdom level to the species level, more and more members are excluded – species is least inclusive!

9. Cladograms verses Phylogenetic Trees Cladogram: shows where novel characteristics originate that separate one group from the rest. “Y” shaped diagram Phylogenetic tree: shows the paths taken by populations of organisms through many generations and over long periods of time. -- branching jawless Jawed fish & cartilage Bony fish; paired fins

10. Phylogenetic Trees 1. Practice reading a phylogenetic tree 3. The striped skunk most closely related to: ______________________ European otter 4. Cats and wolves are classified in the same ______________ Order 5. Wolves and dogs are classified in the same ________________ Genus Slide # 9

11. Using Molecular Data to Classify 1. How closely related one species is to another can be measured by comparing their genes and gene products. (proteins) 2. The more closely related two species are, the more similar their DNA base sequences for a gene (protein). 3. Can compare nucleotide sequence (for a gene) or the amino acid sequence (for a protein) Slide # 10

12. Example of Using Molecular Data The table shows a comparison of some amino acids found in cytochrome c. The two organisms in the table that are most closely related are — A Q and TC Q and R B R and SD Q and S Answer: Q & R Comparing Q & T: 10% difference Comparing Q & S: 6% difference Comparing Q & R: 3% difference Comparing R & S: 9% difference Comparing R & T: 13% difference Comparing S & T: 4% difference Slide #11

13. Using a Taxonomic Key 1. Also called a dichotomous key 2. Consists of a series of paired descriptions 3. Begin with the first pair of descriptions; decide which is most appropriate 4. Continue until all the pairs have been exhausted, or until you identify the specimen Slide # 12

14. Example of a Taxonomic Key Worm 1 belongs to which category? A. Acanthocephala C. Lumbricus B. Ascaris D. Nais Answer: Lumbricus Slide # 13