1. Chapter 8
The Asian World
400 A.D. – A.D.

2. Modern Day Asia

3. Key Events
Innovations in agricultural production, the reemergence of trade routes, and a unified central government allowed China to prosper under the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties
Japan’s geography isolated it from other countries and caused the island nation to develop it’s own unique culture
The Muslim expansion made both Islam and Hinduism powerful religions in the Indian subcontinent
Because of the geography of the region, Southeast Asian countries developed into a series of separate states with their own culture, religion, and language

4. The Impact Today
Gunpowder and printing were invented during the Tang dynasty in China
The expansion of Islam into northwestern India is reflected in the current division of the Indian subcontinent into India, which is mostly Hindu, and the two Islamic states of Bangladesh and Pakistan

5. Chapter Preview “Japan Faces Kublai Khan”
Battle between Japan and China (Mongols led by Kublia Khan) became a victory for Japan with the help of “Supernatural” storms

6. Section 1
China Reunified

7. The Sui Dynasty
The Han dynasty ended in 220 A.D. and China fell into chaos
The Sui dynasty only lasted from 581 – 618, but unified China
Sui Yangdi (The 2nd emperor)
Completed Grand Canal (linking Yellow and Yangtze rivers)
A cruel ruler who was eventually rebelled against and murdered, bringing an end to the dynasty
The canal linked the north and south making it easier to ship rice from the south to the north.

8. The Tang Dynasty Lasted from 618 – 907
Attempted to create a more stable economy
China became the greatest power of east Asia
During the 8th century, the Tang dynasty weakened and were rebelled against.
Eventually unrest led to the collapse in 907
Gave land to the peasants and broke up the power of the owners of large estates.

9. The Song Dynasty Rose to Power in 960
The Song Dynasty thrived from 960 to 1279 during a period of economic prosperity and cultural achievement
They did have problems with groups invading from the north and occupying large parts of Chinese territory.
Eventually during the 1200’s the Mongols overthrow the Song Dynasty and created a dynasty of their own
Read Young People in China on page 250 and discuss related questions.

10. Government and the Economy
From the Sui to the Song dynasties, the Chinese economy grew in size and complexity. Agriculture flourished and manufacturing and trade grew dramatically.
China was still primarily a farming society.
Reform efforts and improved farming techniques led to an abundance of food.
Technological improvements related to the use of steel and cotton

11. Government and the Economy (continued)
Gunpowder was also invented during the Tang dynasty – used to make explosives and flamethrowers.
The Silk Road trading route was renewed and caravans carried goods back and forth between China and the countries of Southwest and South Asia.
Due to trade, the city of Changan, with a population of 2 million, became the wealthiest city in the world.

12. Silk Road Map

13. Chinese Society
New forms of entertainment – Playing cards and chess (brought from India).
Block printing was invented in the 8th century
Most Chinese people still lived off the land in villages
The scholar-gentry emerged
Dowry was paid from a girl’s parents to her husband upon marriage.
Block printing provided new ways of communication. Scholar-gentry – a group of people who controlled much of the land and produced most of the candidates for the civil service.

14. Section 2
The Mongols and China

15. The Mongol Empire
The Mongols were pastoral people from the region of modern day Mongolia
Genghis Khan unified the Mongols in the late 1100’s and early 1200’s
Brought much of the Eurasian landmass under a single rule
Genghis Khan died in 1227 and the empire was split into several territories called khanates each under the rule of one of his sons

16. Genghis Khan

17. The Mongol Dynasty in China
In 1279, one of Genghis Khan’s grandsons, named Kublai Khan, continued the Mongol Dynasty
He ruled China until his death in 1294 and established the capital at Khanbaliq (Beijing)
The Mongol dynasty eventually falls due to:
Over spending on foreign conquests
Corruption at court
Growing internal instability
Kublia extended the dynasty to the Yuan dynasty. In 1368 the dynasty ends with a defeat by the Ming dynasty.

18. Mongol Empire Map

19. Confucianism
Confucianism was dominant in China from the Song dynasty until the early 20th century
Confucianism is a philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius
Confucius believed that moral character and social responsibility were the way to lead a fulfilling life
Confucius was a Chinese scholar who lived about 500 B.C. Many people consider Confucianism a religion.

20. Confucius

21. Buddhism
Brought to China in the first century A.D. by merchants from India
It was popular in the beginning, but was eventually criticized for being a foreign religion
During the later Tang period, the government destroyed countless Buddhist temples
Buddhism no longer received support from the state

22. Neo-Confucianism Served as a Confucian response to Buddhism
Neo-Confucianism teaches that the world is real, not an illusion, and that fulfillment comes not from withdrawal but from participation in the world
Divide the world into a material world and a spiritual world.
Humans form the link between the two worlds.

23. Tang artists perfected the making of porcelain
Literature and Art
The invention of printing during the Tang dynasty helped to make literature more readily available and more popular
Li Bo and Duo Fu were two of the most popular poets during the Tang era
Tang artists perfected the making of porcelain
Porcelain is a ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high temperatures.

24. Section 3
Early Japan and Korea

25. The Geography of Japan Japan is a chain of many islands
The population is on 4 main islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku)
Much of Japan is very mountainous
The mountains are volcanic in origin
Volcanic soils are very fertile, which has helped in farming. However, the area is very prone to earthquakes.
Only about 11 percent of the total land can be farmed.

26. Japan

27. The Rise of the Japanese State
The people were divided between a small aristocratic class (the rulers) and a large population of rice farmers, artisans, and household servants
Local rulers of each group protected the population in return for a share of the harvest

28. Rice Farmers

29. Samurai Warriors
With little central power, aristocrats took justice into their own hands by employing samurai warriors to protect their security and property
The samurai lived by a strict warrior code (Bushido).
Above all , the samurai’s code was based on loyalty to his lord.
Samurai = “those who serve”. Bushido = “The way of the warrior”.

30. Shogunate
A powerful noble, Minamoto Yoritomo, defeated several rivals and set up power near the modern city of Tokyo
Created a centralized government called shogunate under a military leader (shogun)
In 1281 Japan was invaded by 150,000 Mongols under Kublai Khan (Destroyed by a massive typhoon)
Shogunate – The emperor remained ruler in name only. The Shogun exercised the actual power. Lasted from 1192 – Japan was not invaded again until 1945 by U.S.

31. Collapse of Central Rule
The power of aristocrats grew in the 14th and 15th centuries
Daimyo (“great names”) controlled large land estates that owed no tax to the government
By 1500, Japan was close to chaos. A disastrous civil war from 1467 – 1477, led to the virtual destruction of Kyoto.
Daimyo – Heads of noble families. Kyoto – Capital City. Central authority disappeared and aristocrat rivalries caused constant warfare.

32. Life in Early Japan
Mostly a farming society, growing wet rice. Noble families controlled most of the land
Manufacturing and trade later began in the Kamakura period.
Shipped out raw materials, paintings, swords, and manufactured goods in return for silk, porcelain, books, and copper coins.
Wet rice was rice grown in flooded fields. Traded with Korea and China.

33. Women and Religion in Japan
Women were clearly considered subordinate. A husband could divorce his wife if she did not produce a male child, or if she committed adultery, talked too much, was jealous, or had a serious illness.
Religious beliefs were of Shinto, which is still practiced today.
Buddhism also evolved in Japan, specifically Zen Buddhism.
Shinto – Worshiped spirits which they believed lived in the trees, rivers, streams, and mountains.

34. “Golden Pavilion” Art
Displays a harmony of garden, water, and architecture.

35. Section 4
India after the Guptas

36. The Decline of Buddhism
A Split developed among followers of Buddhism
Those that followed the original teachings of the Buddha were called Theravada
Mahayana Buddhists thought that Theravada teachings were too strict for ordinary people
In the end neither sect remained popular in India
Buddhism remained popular in China, Korea, Southeast Asia, and Japan. Still followed today.

37. Eastward Expansion of Islam
Islam became popular in the northwestern corner of the Indian subcontinent and had a major impact on Indian civilization
The impact still exists today in the division of the subcontinent into mostly Hindu India and two Islamic states, Bangladesh and Pakistan

38. Impact if Timur Lenk
Timur Lenk was the ruler of a Mongol state based in Samarkland
Seized power in 1369 and immediately launched a program of conquest
During the the 1380’s he placed the entire region east of the Caspian Sea under this authority and then occupied Mesopotamia
Timur Lenk died in 1405 in the midst of a military campaign

40. Islam and Indian Society
Muslim rulers in India viewed themselves as foreign conquerors and were intolerant of other faiths
Generally used peaceful means to encourage people to convert to Islam
They realized that there were too many Hindus to convert them all
Reluctantly accepted the need to tolerate religious differences.

41. Economy and Daily Life Between 500 and 1500 most Indians:
Farmed their own tiny plots of land
Paid a share of their harvest to a landlord
Rulers had the most wealth, and rich merchants lived in the cities
India’s location also made it a center for trade between Southwest Asia and East Asia
The landlord worked as a tax collector for the king, who in theory owned all the land in his state

42. The Wonder of Indian Culture
From the 8th century on, Indian architects built monumental Hindu temples
The greatest example of Hindu temple art of this period are found at Khajuraho
The use of prose was well established in India by the 6th and 7th centuries
Of the 80 temples built in the 10th century in Khajuraho, 20 remain standing today. Novels, essays, and short stories are examples of prose.

43. Hindu Temple in Khajuraho

44. Civilization in Southeast Asia
Section 5
Civilization in Southeast Asia

46. The Land and People of Southeast Asia
Mainland region is southward from the China border
Another area is the extensive archipelago, most of which is part of present day Indonesia and the Philippines
The geographical barriers help explain why Southeast Asia is one of the few regions in Asia that were never unified under a single government
Archipelago – chain of islands. Geographical barriers – Mountain ranges with dense forests.

47. The Formation of States
Between 500 and 1500, a number of organized states developed throughout Southeast Asia:
Vietnam
Angkor
Thailand
Burma
The Malay World
Review of chart on Page 276

48. Economic Forces States were of 2 types:
Agricultural: Economy primarily based on farming
Trading: Economy based mainly on trade
Of course, both had some trading and some farming activities
Agricultural – Vietnam, Angkor, Pagan, and Sailendra.
Trading – Srivijaya

49. Social Structures
Hereditary aristocrats held both political power and economic wealth.
Most of the rest of the population consisted of farmers, fishers, artisans, and merchants.
The majority of the people were rice farmers.
Woman worked side by side with men in the fields and often played an active role in trading activities.
Most aristocrats lived in major cities. Rice farmers lived at a bare level and paid heavy rents or taxes to a landlord.

50. Culture and Religion
Famous architecture structure – The temple of Angkor Wat (Surrounded by walls of 1,700 and 1,500 feet)
Eventually a form of Buddhism known as Theravada Buddhism became the religion of the masses in much of Southeast Asia.
The construction of Angkor Wat took 40 years to complete – as long as it took to build Egypt’s great pyramid

51. Temple of Angkor Wat

52. The Asian World Wrap Up and Review
Chapter 8
The Asian World
Wrap Up and Review

53. Key Events (Re-visited)
Innovations in agricultural production, the reemergence of trade routes, and a unified central government allowed China to prosper under the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties
Japan’s geography isolated it from other countries and caused the island nation to develop it’s own unique culture
The Muslim expansion made both Islam and Hinduism powerful religions in the Indian subcontinent
Because of the geography of the region, Southeast Asian countries developed into a series of separate states with their own culture, religion, and language

54. The Impact Today (Re-visited)
Gunpowder and printing were invented during the Tang dynasty in China
The expansion of Islam into northwestern India is reflected in the current division of the Indian subcontinent into India, which is mostly Hindu, and the two Islamic states of Bangladesh and Pakistan