1. INTRODUCTION TO CELLS

2. History of the Cell ________________ _____________________, 1674 _______________, 1838 ______________, 1839 _______________, 1855 _______________, 1931

3. Robert Hooke naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect.... (July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703) In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes his book, Micrographia, which contains his drawings of sections of __________ as seen through one of the first microscopes (shown at right). He was the first person to use the term “_________”.

4. Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 In 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhook perfects the simple _____________ and observes cells and microorganisms. He discovered ___________ in 1674 and four years later, he discovers protozoa.

5. Matthias Schleiden all plants are made of cells Cell Theory _____________ Theodore Schwann all animals are made of cells Rudolf Virchow all cells came from pre-existing cells

6. Cell Theory _________________________________________ Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are made of cells (1838) Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals are made of cells (1839) Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells came from pre-existing cells (1855)

7. Definition of Cell ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________.

8. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Bacteria

9. Two Types of Cells ________________________

10. Cell Types PROKARYOTE  No nucleus  No membrane-bound organelles  Most cells are 1 -10 μm in size  Evolved 3.5 billion years ago  Found only in Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms EUKARYOTE  Has nucleus  Many organelles  Cells can be between 2 - 1,000 μm in size  Evolved 1.5 billion years ago  Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms  _________________ _________________

11. Prokaryotic  Do not have structures surrounded by membranes  Few internal structures  _______________ _______________ _______________ http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

12. Cell Type: Prokaryotes  Prokaryotes, which includes all bacteria, are the simplest cellular organisms. They have genetic material but no nucleus. Typical bacteria cell

13. Eukaryotic  Contain organelles surrounded by membranes  ___________________________________ PlantAnimal http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

14. Cell Types: Eukaryotes  Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane- bound nucleus and numerous membrane -enclosed organelles (e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus) not found in prokaryotes.

15. “Typical” Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu /~ acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

16. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif “Typical” Plant Cell

17. What Are the Parts of Cells  Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have some things in common.  All cells have ¤cell membrane ¤cytoplasm ¤ribosomes ¤nuclear material cytoplasmribosomesnuclear materialcell membrane

18. ______________ Parts of Cells cytoplasm: semi-liquid material that fills the cell (p. 175) nucleus: controls most cell processes, contains hereditary information (DNA) chloroplast: capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy (food), (photosynthesis occurs here) vacuole: sac-like structure that stores water, salts, foods, etc ribosomes: manufacture proteins mitochondria: convert chemical energy stored in food into ATP (cellular respiration occurs here) cell membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell, protection and support cell wall: outer layer in plant cells, support and protection

19. Cell Membrane Mitochondria Chloroplast Nucleus Lysosome Vacuole Cell Wall Cell Organelles  Animal  Plant

20. Surrounding the Cell

21. Cell Membrane  ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________  Double layer http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

22. Cell Wall  _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

23. Inside the Cell

24. Nucleus  _________________________________  Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane  _________________________________

25. Nuclear Membrane  Surrounds nucleus  Made of two layers  Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

26. NUCLEUS (Chromosomes)  In nucleus  Made of DNA  _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

27. Cytoplasm  Gel-like mixture  Surrounded by cell membrane  ________________________________ _________________________________ _______________________________

28. Mitochondria  _____________________ _through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates  Controls level of water and other materials in cell  Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

29. Lysosome  ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________  Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal  Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

30. Vacuoles  Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal  _________________ ___________________  Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

31. Chloroplast  Usually found in plant cells  Contains green chlorophyll  _________________ ___________________ http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

32. Cell Specialization Cells in organisms are specialized to perform different tasks. Photos from Biology, Prentice Hall

33. Multicellular organisms are arranged from simple to complex according to their level of cellular grouping. ____ _____ ______ The Levels of Organization

34. LevelFunctionExample  What is the benefit of being made of all of these cells? Nervous System Brain Nervous Tissue Neuron Levels of Organization