1. Example of exam question… A.Which biome would occur in each climate? B.What is the limiting climatic factor(s) for each biome? C.Where is each biome located in the Western (New World) and Eastern (Old World) hemisphere? Put letters on map.

2. Example of exam question… Suppose you want to establish a lush, thriving temperate garden and live near the mountains. Major mountain ranges that run N-S in the temperate zone in the Northern hemisphere occur in central Russia, the eastern US, and the Pacific Northwest US.

3. A. At which location and on which side of the mountain should you establish your garden? B. Explain your choice and why you did NOT choose the other two locations. C. Would your choice be different if you were choosing among mountain ranges in the temperate latitudes in the Southern hemisphere? Explain.

4. Sample exam question see 3.13 Na, K, urea, and other solutes contribute differently to the osmotic potential of seawater and body fluids of marine salmon and marine sharks. 1.Summarize in 2 sentences the MAIN results in Fig. 3.13. 2.Do salmon or shark have to drink seawater to maintain water balance? Explain. 3.Do salmon or shark expend much energy in excretion of solutes across gills and from kidneys? Explain 4.Predict whether freshwater sharks would have high levels of urea in their body fluids. Explain.

5. Each of 3 evergreen tree species is restricted to certain soils in Oregon. Each is transplanted to grow in habitats with each soil type. Shown in the table is the growth response of each species grown in each soil type (acid=high in H + ; normal; serpentine= high in Mg ++ ). 1.Develop an ‘if…then’ hypothesis…prediction for this experiment. 2.The growth of which species coincide with the prediction and lend support to the hypothesis? 3.Propose an ecological factor that may be restricting growth of Pygmy cypress in its native acid soil. Sample exam question

6. * = native to this soil type

7. ***Sample exam question… 3 species grown in both hot + moderate temp; then PS rate of both groups of plants was measured at a range of temperatures. Red: raised in hot T Blue: raised in moderate T

8. 1.What is the major question being addressed in this experiment? 2. Describe how Larrea and Tiderstromia responded relative to the temperatures at which it was grown. 3. What is the likely mean temperature (high or moderate) of Larrea and Tiderstromia? 4. What is the likely temperature range during the year (high or low) of Larrea and Tiderstromia? Explain. 5. What is the major conclusion of the experiment?

9. ***Sample exam question. A species of scale insects extracts fluids from branches of pine trees. They have very limited movement. In an experiment, these insects were transplanted 1) between branches of the same pine tree, and 2) from one pine tree to another pine tree of the same size.

10. 1.State the hypothesis/prediction that was being tested as an “If…then…” 2.Summarize the results in one concise sentence. 3.Do the results support the hypothesis? 4.Predict whether gene flow or natural selection would be a more powerful force affecting the genetic structure of this insect. Explain your choice. 5. Predict whether the genetic makeup of populations of the insect on adjacent trees would be homogeneous or differentiated. Explain your choice.

11. *** Sample exam question Life history traits often represent ‘tradeoffs’. Graph the expected relationship for each pair of traits. Label axes. Then explain the nature of each tradeoff. A. Seed size vs. seed number 1. Graph 2. Explanation B.Number of offspring per breeding attempt vs. adult survival between successive breedings 1. Graph 2. Explanation

12. Sample Exam Question: The mean number of offspring is the same for males and females in elephant seals, a polygynous species. Individual male and female seals differ greatly in their mating success during any one breeding season. 1. Graph the results found in the first sentence. Label axes. 2. In this species, which gender has the more variable mating success? Write the answer; then add this result to the graph. 3. What basic asymmetry of reproduction is responsible for this difference? Explain.