1. HOW DID THE COLD WAR END?

2. The End of the Cold War The Cold War was a war of ideas: communism versus democracy The Cold War was a war of ideas: communism versus democracy It could not end unless one side, one idea, was destroyed It could not end unless one side, one idea, was destroyed This would prove very difficult because both communism and democracy were an embedded form of government in many countries This would prove very difficult because both communism and democracy were an embedded form of government in many countries

3. Cold War Alliances clearly divided the world into two enemy groups. This increased fear and tension and encouraged the nuclear arms race to continue at a fevered pace!

4. The Soviet Empire was large and powerful and appeared to be growing. This made the western countries even more fearful and determined to stop communism. The Soviet Empire was large and powerful and appeared to be growing. This made the western countries even more fearful and determined to stop communism. Communist governments during the Cold War are in bright red Communist governments during the Cold War are in bright red Temporary allies of the Soviet Union in dark red (some were communist or pro-Soviet for only a few years) Temporary allies of the Soviet Union in dark red (some were communist or pro-Soviet for only a few years)

5. What’s the Difference? The Soviet Empire and the USSR are NOT the same thing! The Soviet Empire and the USSR are NOT the same thing! Soviet Empire = independent countries (also called satellite states) + the republics of the USSR Soviet Empire = independent countries (also called satellite states) + the republics of the USSR The republics are like the provinces of Canada INSIDE the USSR The republics are like the provinces of Canada INSIDE the USSR The satellite states are entirely independent countries OUTSIDE the USSR The satellite states are entirely independent countries OUTSIDE the USSR

6. The Republics are shown in orange The Republics are shown in orange

7. The Warsaw Pact members are independent countries with communist governments The Warsaw Pact members are independent countries with communist governments The yellow countries are the satellite states of the Soviet Union The yellow countries are the satellite states of the Soviet Union

8. GORBACHEV Leader of the USSR and the Soviet Empire Leader of the USSR and the Soviet Empire Took power in 1985 Took power in 1985 Wanted slow and gradual reforms that would result in democracy, freedoms, and a market economy Wanted slow and gradual reforms that would result in democracy, freedoms, and a market economy

9. PERESTROIKA = restructuring PERESTROIKA = restructuring Restructure businesses so that their profits cover their expenses instead of the government paying for failing companies, allowed direct supplies and foreign trade Restructure businesses so that their profits cover their expenses instead of the government paying for failing companies, allowed direct supplies and foreign trade GLASNOST = openness GLASNOST = openness Through debate, participation, and awareness of issues citizens would support restructuring and changes Through debate, participation, and awareness of issues citizens would support restructuring and changes Freedom in media and truth about incidents like Chernobyl disaster were revealed for the first time Freedom in media and truth about incidents like Chernobyl disaster were revealed for the first time

10. In 1986 a nuclear reactor at a nuclear power plant in the city of Chernobyl exploded In 1986 a nuclear reactor at a nuclear power plant in the city of Chernobyl exploded The surrounding area was contaminated with radioactivity The surrounding area was contaminated with radioactivity Over 336 000 people were evacuated and resettled Over 336 000 people were evacuated and resettled

11. The Soviet government did not wish to alarm the citizens nor appear weak to the western world and strictly censored any news of the accident and its after- effects The Soviet government did not wish to alarm the citizens nor appear weak to the western world and strictly censored any news of the accident and its after- effects The government launched an immediate cover-up and forbade doctors from listing “radiation” as the cause of death on death certificates The government launched an immediate cover-up and forbade doctors from listing “radiation” as the cause of death on death certificates The health effects, however, are undeniable The health effects, however, are undeniable This young girl, age 6 in the photo, has now grown since the age of 3 This young girl, age 6 in the photo, has now grown since the age of 3 This young boy’s legs speak for themselves This young boy’s legs speak for themselves The government cover-up, however, meant many Soviets had no idea about this event or the suffering it caused The government cover-up, however, meant many Soviets had no idea about this event or the suffering it caused

12. NEW REFORMS 1. Banned fiction is now published 2. Propagandist history revealed as untrue (ex. Truth about Chernobyl) 3. Censorship stopped altogether 4. Elected Congress of People’s Deputies created 5. Non-communist political parties now legal 6. Run-your-own-business was encouraged 7. End to government financing of bankrupt companies 8. Private property now legal 9. Religious freedoms now legal 10. Contact with Western world permitted, ex. TV, radio, music

13. The Beginning of the End The truth about Soviet history, environmental damage, and shear repression led to much chaos The truth about Soviet history, environmental damage, and shear repression led to much chaos Perestroika and Glasnost were positive reforms in and of themselves, but too much too soon meant danger and confusion Perestroika and Glasnost were positive reforms in and of themselves, but too much too soon meant danger and confusion

14. The Corruption  Massive corruption at every level of government and the public  This corruption not only led to distrust in the Government, but also made the government suspicious of their people  Human greed for power and money was a huge reason for the collapse of the USSR

15. REVOLUTION IN SATELLITE STATES 1989 Warsaw Pact countries revolted against communism 1989 Warsaw Pact countries revolted against communism Poland was first, followed by Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Romania Poland was first, followed by Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Romania In East Berlin, Germany, people began to tear down the Berlin wall with sledgehammers and their bare hands! In East Berlin, Germany, people began to tear down the Berlin wall with sledgehammers and their bare hands!

17. POLAND Polish nationalism had always been strong and the SOLIDARITY movement had fought for workers’ rights and freedoms since 1980 Polish nationalism had always been strong and the SOLIDARITY movement had fought for workers’ rights and freedoms since 1980 Led by Lech Walesa, the Solidarity union fought for nine years despite being repeatedly jailed and beaten Led by Lech Walesa, the Solidarity union fought for nine years despite being repeatedly jailed and beaten In 1989 Gorbachev legalized Solidarity and permitted a free election In 1989 Gorbachev legalized Solidarity and permitted a free election Lech Walesa became the first President Lech Walesa became the first President

18. HUNGARY When Hungary’s When Hungary’s borders were opened, countless communists fled to the western world Communism was abolished quickly Communism was abolished quickly Over 50 new political parties were immediately created Over 50 new political parties were immediately created Official democracy soon followed Official democracy soon followed

19. BULGARIA Dictator Todor Zhivkov was the longest serving communist dictator in the Soviet Empire Dictator Todor Zhivkov was the longest serving communist dictator in the Soviet Empire When the Berlin Wall fell and Gorbachev did not act, When the Berlin Wall fell and Gorbachev did not act, Zhivkov realized he could not win and he resigned

20. EAST GERMANY Over 400 000 people fled East Germany to emigrate to West Germany by travelling through Hungary and Czechoslovakia’s open borders Over 400 000 people fled East Germany to emigrate to West Germany by travelling through Hungary and Czechoslovakia’s open borders In November 1989 the people tore down the Berlin Wall, the communists soon joined in instead of firing on the crowds In November 1989 the people tore down the Berlin Wall, the communists soon joined in instead of firing on the crowds

23. CZECHOSLOVAKIA Public pressure for change Public pressure for change following events in Hungary and Poland were expressed in massive strikes and demonstrations Communist leaders resigned following this protest in Prague Communist leaders resigned following this protest in Prague Vaclav Havel was elected Vaclav Havel was elected the first President

24. ROMANIA Nicolae Ceausescu was Nicolae Ceausescu was the cruel dictator His people suffered in His people suffered in poverty and he did nothing to help them A crowd formed in Bucharest that quickly got out of control A crowd formed in Bucharest that quickly got out of control Ceausescu and his family were captured, tried, and executed Ceausescu and his family were captured, tried, and executed Democracy was then introduced Democracy was then introduced

25. END OF AN EMPIRE… The satellite countries led revolutions with strikes and demonstrations to fight against the oppressive and controlling Soviet Empire The satellite countries led revolutions with strikes and demonstrations to fight against the oppressive and controlling Soviet Empire The Soviet Premier, Gorbachev, allowed the democratic reforms The Soviet Premier, Gorbachev, allowed the democratic reforms Communist leaders resigned or agreed to reforms and the satellite states became democratic one-by-one Communist leaders resigned or agreed to reforms and the satellite states became democratic one-by-one This led to the collapse of the Soviet Empire in 1989 This led to the collapse of the Soviet Empire in 1989

26. …AND THE END OF THE USSR Following the successful changes in the communist satellite states in 1989, many citizens of the USSR began looking for similar changes at home Following the successful changes in the communist satellite states in 1989, many citizens of the USSR began looking for similar changes at home Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika and glasnost brought about democratic reforms and led to the dissolution of the USSR Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika and glasnost brought about democratic reforms and led to the dissolution of the USSR

27. The Republics of the USSR changed their names and their governments to create independent countries The Republics of the USSR changed their names and their governments to create independent countries These newly formed countries each became democratic These newly formed countries each became democratic

28. When the Soviet Union broke up in 1991, the Republics became independent countries When the Soviet Union broke up in 1991, the Republics became independent countries

29. THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (CIS) With the break up of the USSR many former Republics joined together in the CIS With the break up of the USSR many former Republics joined together in the CIS According to leaders of Russia the purpose of CIS was to "allow a civilized divorce" between the republics According to leaders of Russia the purpose of CIS was to "allow a civilized divorce" between the republics Since its formation, the member-states of CIS have signed many agreements related to integration and cooperation on matters of economics, defense, and foreign policy Since its formation, the member-states of CIS have signed many agreements related to integration and cooperation on matters of economics, defense, and foreign policy

30. The New CIS

31. With the end of the Cold War, the world hoped to find a new assurance that nuclear war would remain an impossibility With the end of the Cold War, the world hoped to find a new assurance that nuclear war would remain an impossibility Modern terrorism, however, has taken hold of many of the nuclear relics of the Cold War Modern terrorism, however, has taken hold of many of the nuclear relics of the Cold War and so the fear continues…