1. Plant Structure Growth & Transport

2. I. Plant Tissue Ground Tissues - provides storage,
metabolism, and support.

3. 2) Dermal Tissues - forms the outside covering of plants and provides protection.

4. 3) Vascular Tissues - transport water and food through the plant.

5. Phloem: straw-like tubes conducting food downward in a plant.
b. Xylem: straw-like tubes conducting water and minerals upward in a plant.

6. 4. Meristematic Tissue
Meristems: growth regions where cells divide rapidly and tissue differentiation occurs.

7. II. Plant Structure
Plants have three basic parts

8. A. Roots
Function
- Roots support and anchor the plant (Similar to Rhizoids)
- Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil
- Roots store glucose (starch)
Root cell growth pattern: Division, elongation, and differentiation

9. Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients from soil.
Roots provide many functions.
support the plant
absorb, transport, and store nutrients
root hairs help absorption

10. b. Structure: Roots are made up of many tissues
Dermal Tissue-covers the outside of a plant.
protects the plant –the root cap
Absorbs water from the soil-the root hairs
Ground Tissue-found inside-provides support
-stores materials in roots
Vascular Tissue-contains xylem and phloem
Xylem transports water
-Phloem transports food and minerals
Meristematic Tissue-area of growth
-Unidfferentiated cells undergoing rapid cell division
Apical meristems-areas of growth that lengthen
Lateral meristems- areas of growth that widen or thicken the plant

11. Types of roots
- Taproot
- Fibrous
- Aboveground(epiphytes)

12. Fibrous root systems have fine branches
Fibrous root systems have fine branches. They are usually extensive and shallow. Taproot systems have one main root.
Taproot
Fibrous root
Ex. Grasses Ex.carrots

14. Epiphytes
Plants that are not rooted in soil but instead grow directly on the bodies of other plants. Most are found in tropical rainforest biomes and they are NOT parasitic.
Spanish Moss
Orchid

15. Label the Roots
Taproot
Fibrous
Aboveground
Types of roots visual

16. B. Stems Function - stems support the plant
- stems hold the leaves toward the sunlight
- inside the stem water and nutrients travel to other plant parts
- stems of some plants store glucose in the form of starch

17. Types of Tissues in Stems
Dermal Tissue- Outer bark of woody stems
Ground Tissue
Vascular tissue- xylem and phloem
Meristematic Tissue-contain both apical and lateral meristematic tissue for growth

18. 2) Types of stems
a) Woody stem- found in trees and shrubs
b) Herbaceous stem- found in flowers and grasses

19. Some stems are herbaceous and conduct photosynthesis.
Some stems can be woody, and form protective bark.

21. Annual Rings
The width of tree rings help determine the amount and conditions of growth. .
Tree rings help determine the age of a tree
1/30/07 L

22. C. Leaf Function - leaves capture light from the sun
- leaves make glucose through photosynthesis
- leaves take-in CO2 release oxygen O2

23. -middle layer is the mesophyll (ground tissue)
2) Structure
- top layer is made of a waxy cuticle (prevents H2O loss) and epidermis(dermal layer)
-middle layer is the mesophyll (ground tissue)
contains most of the chloroplasts
-bottom layer exchanges gases through the stomata
Stomata

24. Stomata
visual concept: Guard cells

25. Image of a Stomata
Guard Cells

26. Types of Leaves Visual Concept: Types of Leaves
Simple- one blade connected to petiole
Compound-many blades(leaflets) on one petiole
Double compound-many compund leaflets on one petiole

27. Plant Adaptations
Aquatic plants To take in sufficient oxygen, aquatic plants, have tissues with large air-filled spaces through which oxygen can diffuse. Stomata located on top of leaf!
Desert plants Have extensive roots, reduced leaves, and thick stems that can store water.
Leaves are modified to reduce evaporative water loss and, often, to deter herbivores.

28. Growth of Plants

29. Two patterns of growth in seed plants
1) Primary growth- elongation of stems and roots
Apical meristem - located at the tips of stems and roots.
Apical meristems produce growth in length,
Visual Concept: Primary Growth

30. 2) Secondary growth - roots, stems and branches of certain seed plants grow wider
Two types of lateral meristems:
Vascular cambium - located between the xylem and phloem, producing additional vascular tissues. (inside - creates rings)
Cork cambium - located outside the phloem, producing cork replacing epidermis.
Visual Concept: Secondary Growth

32. Transport in Plants
KEY CONCEPT The vascular system allows for the transport of water, minerals, and sugars.

33. Water and dissolved minerals move through xylem.
U V W X
Up / vascular tissue/water travels / in xylem

34. Water travels from roots to the top of trees. 3 main ways

35. Transport of Water animation of water transport -1- Absorption
-2- Capillary action(cohesion-tension theory)
-3- Transpiration

36. Capillary Action The cohesion-tension theory explains water movement
Plants passively transport water through the xylem.
Cohesion is the tendency of water molecules to bond with each other.
Adhesion is the tendency of water molecules to bond with other substances.

37. Transpiration is the loss of water vapor through leaves.
water vapor exits leaf stomata
helps pull water to the top branches
Factors that affect transpiration:
Temperature
-Wind
-Humidity

38. Phloem carries sugars from photosynthesis throughout the plant.
Phloem contains specialized cells.
sieve tube elements have holes at ends
companion cells help sieve tube elements
unlike xylem, phloem tissue is alive
PH-F-Food

39. The Pressure-flow model explains sugar movement2
sugars
phloem
xylem
water
1.Sugars move from their source, such as photosynthesizing leaves, into the phloem.

40. 2.Water moves from the xylem into the phloem by osmosis, due to the higher concentration of the sugars in the phloem. The water flow helps move sugars through the phloem 3. The sugars move into the sink, such as root or fruit, where the are stored.