1. Physical Evaluation of the shoulder By Beverly Nelson

2. Objectives Review pertinent anatomy of the shoulder Review clinical history and physical examination of the shoulder Review common shoulder injuries & characteristic physical exam findings

3. Brief Epidemiology Shoulder pain: a common complaint in primary care – 2 nd only to knee pain for specialist referrals – Most common causes in adults (peak ages 40-60) Subacromial impingement syndrome Rotator cuff problems Athletic injuries – Shoulder: 8-13% of all athletic injuries

4. Anatomy 3 Bones – Humerus – Scapula – Clavicle 3 Joints – Glenohumeral – Acromioclavicular – Sternoclavicular 1 “Articulation” – Scapulothoracic

5. Anatomy Scapula – Glenoid – Acromion – Coracoid – Subscapular fossa – Scapular spine – Supraspinatus fossa – Infraspinatus fossa

6. Anatomy Glenohumeral joint – “Ball and socket” vs “Golf ball and tee” – Very mobile – Price: instability – 45% of all dislocations – Joint stability depends on multiple factors

7. Anatomy Glenohumeral joint – Passive stability Joint conformity Glenoid labrum (50%) Joint capsule Ligaments Bony restraints

8. Anatomy Muscles – Deltoid – Trapezius * – Rhomboids * – Levator scapulae * – Rotator cuff – Teres major – Biceps – Pectoralis muscles * – Serratus anterior * * Scapular stabilizers

9. Anatomy Rotator Cuff Muscles – S – Supraspinatus – I – Infraspinatus – t - Teres minor – S- Supscapularis

10. Physical Exam Observation – Undress waist → up Palpation Active & passive ROM Strength testing Special tests

11. Physical Evaluation Observation Anterior Posterior Lateral

12. Physical Exam – Observation / Inspection Front & Back Height of shoulder & scapulae Asymmetry Obvious deformity Skin Muscle atrophy – Supraspinatus – Infraspinatus – Deltoid

13. Palpation Anterior : AC, SC, Clavicle, coracoid process, acromion Posterior : Spine of the Scapula, medial & lateral border of the Scapula, inferior angle of the scapula

14. Movements Active Range of Movement Passive Range of movement & endfeel Resisted movements- test of the contractile structures Muscle /strength testing : functional tests

15. Range of Motion Forward flexion: 160 - 180° Extension: 40 - 60° Abduction: 180◦ Adduction: 45 ° Internal rotation: 60 - 90 ° External rotation: 80 - 90 ° Apley Scratch Test

16. Strength Testing Test & compare both sides Be specific to muscle or muscle group Grade strength on 0 → 5 scale – 0: no contraction – 1: muscle flicker; no movement – 2: motion, but not against gravity – 3: motion against gravity, but not resistance – 4: motion against resistance – 5: normal strength

17. Strength Testing External rotation – Tests RTC muscles that ER the shoulder Infraspinatus Teres minor – Arms at the sides – Elbows flexed to 90 degrees – Externally rotates arms against resistance

18. Strength Testing Internal rotation – Tests RTC muscle that IR the shoulder Subscapularis – Arms at the sides – Elbows flexed to 90 degrees – Internally rotates arms against resistance – Subscapularis Lift-Off Test – Other techniques

19. Special Tests Neurological tests Dermatomes Myotomes Relfexes Sensory tests Pain Hot/cold touch

20. Special Tests cont’d Cervical Spine and elbow Provocative tests  Supraspinatus- empty can test  Impingement test– Neer/Hawkins test

21. Rotator Cuff Tear Partial thickness tear Full (Complete) thickness tear May be due to: – Impingement – Degeneration – Overuse – Trauma Partial tears – Conservative Complete tears – Surgery

22. Provocative Tests Supraspinatus – “Empty can" test – Tests Supraspinatus – Attempt to isolate from deltoid – Positioned sitting – Arms straight out – Elbows locked straight – Thumbs down – Arm at 30 degrees (in scapular plane) – Attempts to elevate arms against resistance

23. Impingement Signs Neer’s Sign –Arm fully pronated and placed in forced flexion –Trying to impinge subacromial structures with humeral head –Pain is positive test

24. Consider special tests Radiography, MRI, etc Laboratory tests

25. The End