1. Application Concerns for Pasture Management Robert E. Wolf Extension Specialist Application Technology Biological and Agricultural Engineering

2. Changes in the Application Industry! Historically inefficient process Increased cost of chemicals Rates are changing (< an ounce/acre) More pest specific products (foliar) Biotechnology and GMO’s – Roundup Ready, Bt’s More sophisticated equipment (electronics) $$$ Environmental impact (water and air) –Easy to measure! –Drift!!! Variable rates Site-specific

3. Equipment cost today? How much do these machines cost?

4. Equipment cost today? How much do these machines cost?

5. Application Equipment Manual Sprayers –Compressed air –Knapsack Spray Management Valve CF Valve Easy Spray Valve

6. Power Hydraulic Sprayer –Low-pressure –High pressure Application Equipment

9. Invasive Species Control

10. Nozzles are important because: Control the amount – GPA. Determine uniformity of application. Affects the coverage. Influences the drift potential.

11. 1. Control the Amount applied: Nozzle Flow Rate is affected by: Orifice size Pressure Solution characteristics Page 9 – TeeJet Guide

12. Calibration!!!! Ensuring that the spray output is what it is supposed to be!

13. Calculations GPA= 5940 #$!@&%!

14. Calibration/Nozzle Selection What is the first step? Use label to select the –application volume –product rate Choose an appropriate travel speed Effective width of application –nozzle spacing Calculate GPM – Flow rate per nozzle Select the correct size of nozzle!

15. Flow rate equation or (5940/12” = 495) Page 14 – TeeJet Guide

16. 5940 or 495 = a constant to convert gallons per minute, miles per hour, and feet to gallons per acre Where: GPA = ______________________ GPM = ______________________ MPH = ______________________ SW = ______________________ gallons per acre gallons per minute miles per hour swath width - feet

17. Measuring Ground Speed Ground Speed - Miles Per Hour (MPH) Where traveling 88 ft. in 60 seconds = 1 MPH Doubling the ground speed reduces the output by 1/2.

18. Hand Sprayer Calibration Spraying to the point of runoff product added to each gal. or 100 gal. uniform coverage-dripping from leaves time and gallons per tree/1000 sq. ft. “Dilute” Technique important!!

19. Calibration Procedure Steps: –Mark off a calibration course of 1000 sq. ft. –Accurately measure the time required to spray the calibration course using a proper technique. Remember only record the amount of time the gun is actually spraying. –Measure the flow rate from the gun. Using the time recorded in step 2, spray into a calibrated container for that same length of time. –Amount in the container represents the application rate per 1000 sq. ft.

20. Example: It took 50 seconds for an applicator to spray the 1000 sq. ft. calibration course. The amount of spray collected from the gun in the 50 seconds was 1.4 gallons. Hand Spray Guns: cont. The application rate for this example is: 1.4 gallons per 1000 sq. ft. or 61 gallons per acre (43.56 x 1.4)

21. Nozzle Technology? How to use?? Nozzles designed to reduce drift Improved drop size control Emphasis on ‘Spray Quality’

22. Spray Characteristics are Important to Understand: Demonstrates Turbo Flat vs TurboDrop-5 MPH Wind

23. NOZZLE TYPES: FLAT SPRAY –Extended Range Flat-Fan –Turbo Flat-Fan –Drift Reduction Flat-Fan –Turbo Flood –Off center Flat-Fan

24. Others: Boomless Handgun with disk & core or adjustable nozzle

25. Nozzles Types?

26. Is this tip good or bad?

27. Extended Range Flat-fan: Tapered edge pattern 80 and 110 degree fan Requires overlap - 50 to 60% 15-60 psi range 110° 80°

28. Nozzles Types?

29. Turbo Flat-fan: l Turbulence chamber as in the Turbo Flood l Tapered edge, wide angle flat pattern l Designed to work in flat-fan nozzle holder l Uniform spray distribution, 50-60% overlap l Wide pressure range, 15 – 90 psi l Large, drift resistant droplets l Plastic with superior wear characteristics TT XR

30. Nozzles Types?

31. Air-Induction/Venturi Nozzles Where air is drawn into the nozzle cavity and exits with the fluid.

32. Air/Induction – Venturi Nozzle: Greenleaf – TurboDrop Air intake venturi section Mixing Chamber - air and spray solution blended Pattern tip forms large air- bubble drops Exit tip flow 2X venturi orifice Better Penetration? Reduced run-off? Improved coverage? Adequate efficacy? Reduced drift?

33. XR Flat-fan and Turbo Flat-fan compared to Venturi Style 5.0 MPH wind at 40 psi XR vs TurboDropTurbo Flat vs Turbo Drop

34. Off-Center Venturi Flat-fan

35. Boom Buster

36. Aerial Applications

38. The CP STRAIGHT STREAM NOZZLE

40. 2. Set up for Uniformity Goal is to put the material on evenly from nozzle to nozzle, end of boom to end of boom, and across the entire field. 20-inch spacing requires 17-19” above target for 50-60% overlap.

41. 3. Coverage: Need knowledge of the product being used. –Systemic –Contact What is the target? –Soil –Grass –Broadleaf (smooth, hairy, waxy) –Leaf orientation – time of day

42. Origin Of Standardized Spray Droplet Size Categories 1985 -- British Crop Protection Council (BCPC) –Droplet size classifications, primarily designed to enhance efficacy. –Uses the term SPRAY QUALITY for droplet size categorie 2000 -- ASAE Standard S572 –Droplet size classifications, primarily designed to control spray drift. –Uses the term DROPLET SPECTRA CLASSIFICATION for droplet size categories.

45. 4. Will affect drift: Movement of spray particles off-target. Creating smaller spray drops will result in increased drift. Is it Coverage vs Drift? What is the answer? $64,000 Question?

46. Why Interest in Drift? Spotty pest control Wasted chemicals Off-target damage More high value specialty crops Urban sprawl and..... Less tolerant neighbors Litigious Society More wind?? (Timing) Environmental impact –Water and Air Quality Public more aware of pesticide concerns! (Negative) (Perceptions) Result-higher costs-$$$

47. Technical Aspects of Spray Drift

48. Definition of Drift Movement of spray particles and vapors off-target causing less effective control and possible injury to susceptible vegetation, wildlife, and people. Adapted from National Coalition on Drift Minimization 1997 as adopted from the AAPCO Pesticide Drift Enforcement Policy - March 1991

49. Types of Drift Vapor Drift - associated with volatilization (gas, fumes) Particle Drift - movement of spray particles during or after the spray application

50. Factors Affecting Drift Spray Characteristics  chemical  formulation  drop size  evaporation Equipment & Application  nozzle type  nozzle size  nozzle pressure  height of release Weather  air movement (direction and velocity)  temperature and humidity  air stability/inversions  topography

51. Wind Direction Wind direction is very important –Know the location of sensitive areas - consider safe buffer zones. –Do not spray at any wind speed if it is blowing towards sensitive areas - all nozzles can drift. –Spray when breeze is gentle, steady, and blowing away from sensitive areas. –“Dead calm” conditions are never recommended.

52. Under normal conditions air tends to rise and mix with the air above. Droplets will disperse and will usually not cause problems. Normal Temperature Profile Altitude Cooler Warmer Temperature decreases with height Increasing Temperature Inversions

53. Under these conditions the temperature increases as you move upward. This prevents air from mixing with the air above it. This causes small suspended droplets to form a concentrated cloud which can move in unpredictable directions. Temperature Inversion Altitude Temperature increases with height Warm Air Cool Air Increasing Temperature Temperature Inversions

54. Courtesy – George Ramsay, Dupont

55. Strategies to Reduce Drift: Select nozzle to increase drop size Increase flow rates - higher application volumes Use lower pressures Use lower spray (boom) heights Avoid adverse weather conditions Consider using buffer zones Consider using new technologies: –drift reduction nozzles –drift reduction additives –shields, electrostatics, air-assist

56. www.bae.ksu.edu/rewolf/ rewolf@ksu.edu T hanks!