2. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? ●Define velocity. ●Differentiate between speed and velocity. ●Create pictorial, physical, and mathematical models of motion problems. In this section you will: Section 2.4-1

3. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Suppose you recorded two joggers in one motion diagram, as shown in the figure below. From one frame to the next, you can see that the position of the jogger in red shorts changes more than that of the one wearing blue. Velocity Section 2.4-2

4. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? In other words, for a fixed time interval, the displacement, ∆d, is greater for the jogger in red because she is moving faster. She covers a larger distance than the jogger in blue does in the same amount of time. Velocity Section 2.4-3

5. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Now, suppose that each jogger travels 100 m. The time interval, ∆t, would be smaller for the jogger in red than for the one in blue. Velocity Section 2.4-4

6. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Recall from Chapter 1 that to find the slope, you first choose two points on the line. Next, you subtract the vertical coordinate (d in this case) of the first point from the vertical coordinate of the second point to obtain the rise of the line. After that, you subtract the horizontal coordinate (t in this case) of the first point from the horizontal coordinate of the second point to obtain the run. Finally, you divide the rise by the run to obtain the slope. Average Velocity Section 2.4-5

7. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? The slopes of the two lines are found as follows: Average Velocity Section 2.4-6

8. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? The slopes of the two lines are found as follows: Average Velocity Section 2.4-6

9. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? The unit of the slope is meters per second. In other words, the slope tells how many meters the runner moved in 1 s. The slope is the change in position, divided by the time interval during which that change took place, or (d f - d i ) / (t f - t i ), or Δd/Δt. When Δd gets larger, the slope gets larger; when Δt gets larger, the slope gets smaller. Average Velocity Section 2.4-7

10. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? The slope of a position-time graph for an object is the object’s average velocity and is represented by the ratio of the change of position to the time interval during which the change occurred. Average Velocity Section 2.4-8

11. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Average Velocity Average velocity is defined as the change in position, divided by the time during which the change occurred. The symbol ≡ means that the left-hand side of the equation is defined by the right-hand side. Section 2.4-9

12. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? It is a common misconception to say that the slope of a position-time graph gives the speed of the object. The slope of the position- time graph on the right is –5.0 m/s. It indicates the average velocity of the object and not its speed. Average Velocity Section 2.4-10

13. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? The object moves in the negative direction at a rate of 5.0 m/s. Average Velocity Section 2.4-11

14. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? The absolute value of the slope on a position- time graph tells you the average speed of the object, that is, how fast the object is moving. Average Speed Section 2.4-12

15. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Average Speed If an object moves in the negative direction, then its displacement is negative. The object’s velocity will always have the same sign as the object’s displacement. Section 2.4-13

16. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Average Speed The graph describes the motion of a student riding his skateboard along a smooth, pedestrian-free sidewalk. What is his average velocity? What is his average speed? Section 2.4-14

17. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Step 1: Analyze and Sketch the Problem Average Speed Section 2.4-15

18. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Average Speed Identify the coordinate system of the graph. Section 2.4-16

19. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Step 2: Solve for the Unknown Average Speed Section 2.4-17

20. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Average Speed Identify the unknown variables. Unknown: Section 2.4-18

21. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Average Speed Find the average velocity using two points on the line. Use magnitudes with signs indicating directions. Section 2.4-19

22. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Average Speed Substitute d 2 = 12.0 m, d 1 = 6.0 m, t 2 = 8.0 s, t 1 = 4.0 s: Section 2.4-20

23. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Step 3: Evaluate the Answer Average Speed Section 2.4-21

24. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Are the units correct? m/s are the units for both velocity and speed. Do the signs make sense? The positive sign for the velocity agrees with the coordinate system. No direction is associated with speed. Average Speed Section 2.4-22

25. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Average Speed The steps covered were: Section 2.4-23 Step 1: Analyze and Sketch the Problem Identify the coordinate system of the graph.

26. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Average Speed The steps covered were: Section 2.4-23 Step 2: Solve for the Unknown Find the average velocity using two points on the line. The average speed is the absolute value of the average velocity. Step 3: Evaluate the Answer

27. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? A motion diagram shows the position of a moving object at the beginning and end of a time interval. During that time interval, the speed of the object could have remained the same, increased, or decreased. All that can be determined from the motion diagram is the average velocity. The speed and direction of an object at a particular instant is called the instantaneous velocity. The term velocity refers to instantaneous velocity and is represented by the symbol v. Instantaneous Velocity Section 2.4-24

28. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Although the average velocity is in the same direction as displacement, the two quantities are not measured in the same units. Nevertheless, they are proportional—when displacement is greater during a given time interval, so is the average velocity. A motion diagram is not a precise graph of average velocity, but you can indicate the direction and magnitude of the average velocity on it. Average Velocity on Motion Diagrams Section 2.4-25

29. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Any time you graph a straight line, you can find an equation to describe it. Using Equations You cannot set two items with different units equal to each other in an equation. Section 2.4-26 Based on the information shown in the table, the equation y = mx + b becomes d = t + d i, or, by inserting the values of the constants, d = (–5.0 m/s)t + 20.0 m.

30. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? An object’s position is equal to the average velocity multiplied by time plus the initial position. Using Equations Section 2.4-27 Equation of Motion for Average Velocity

31. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Using Equations This equation gives you another way to represent the motion of an object. Note that once a coordinate system is chosen, the direction of d is specified by positive and negative values, and the boldface notation can be dispensed with, as in “d-axis.” Section 2.4-28

32. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 Section Check Which of the following statements defines the velocity of the object’s motion? Question 1 A.the ratio of the distance covered by an object to the respective time interval B.the rate at which distance is covered C.the distance moved by a moving body in unit time D.the ratio of the displacement of an object to the respective time interval Section 2.4-29

33. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 Section Check Reason: Options A, B, and C define the speed of the object’s motion. The velocity of a moving object is defined as the ratio of the displacement (  d) to the time interval (  t). Answer 1 Section 2.4-30

34. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 Section Check Which of the statements given below is correct? Question 2 A.Average velocity cannot have a negative value. B.Average velocity is a scalar quantity. C.Average velocity is a vector quantity. D.Average velocity is the absolute value of the slope of a position-time graph. Section 2.4-31

35. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 Section Check Reason: Average velocity is a vector quantity, whereas all other statements are true for scalar quantities. Answer 2 Section 2.4-32

36. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 Section Check The position-time graph of a car moving on a street is given here. What is the average velocity of the car? Question 3 A.2.5 m/s B.5 m/s C.2 m/s D.10 m/s Section 2.4-33

37. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 Section Check Reason: The average velocity of an object is the slope of a position-time graph. Answer 3 Section 2.4-34

38. Section 2.3 Section 2.3 Position-Time Graphs Click the Back button to return to original slide. Q1 Considering the Motion of Multiple Objects In the graph, when and where does runner B pass runner A?

39. Section 2.4 Section 2.4 How Fast? Q2 Click the Back button to return to original slide. Average Speed The graph describes the motion of a student riding his skateboard along a smooth, pedestrian-free sidewalk. What is his average velocity? What is his average speed?

40. End of Custom Shows