1. Balance of power Declining powers: Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Ottoman Empire Rising powers: Habsburg Austria, Prussia, Russia Map Link: Europe in 1648: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/europe_1648http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/europe_1648 _westphal_1884.jpg_westphal_1884.jpg>.

2. Independence of rulers and weak imperial control Independent states: Dutch Republic, Swiss Potential for strong new states Map Link: The Holy Roman Empire, 1648: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg

3. 1386 Unification of Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania Elected king Decentralised government Nobles and serfs Map Link: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/ Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1648.PNGPolish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1648.PNG>

4. 1529 Ottomans attack Vienna Diverse population Weak central control Map Link: Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/ ottoman_empire_1481-1683.jpgottoman_empire_1481-1683.jpg>

5. 1663 Ottomans advance into Holy Roman Empire. Opposed by alliance that forces truce in 1664 1683 Ottomans attack Vienna 1684 Holy League relieves Vienna. Then takes much of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia from Turks (1686-87 and following years) Map Link: Growth of the Habsburg Dominions: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/ Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpgGrowth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg>

6. 1415 Hohenzollerns take control of Brandenburg 1618 Hohenzollerns inherit E. Prussia 1648 Gain much of E. Pomerania 1701 Frederick III of Brandenburg-Prussia recognised by Holy Roman Emperor as King of Prussia (Frederick I of Prussia, r. 1688-1713) Map Link: Growth of Brandenburg-Prussia: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/ 49/Acprussiamap2.gif49/Acprussiamap2.gif>

7. 1480 Ivan III (r. 1462-1505) throws off Mongol control 1533-84 Reign of Ivan IV (“the Terrible”) 1598-1613 “Time of Troubles” Map Link: Principality of Muscovy: <https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/ 2.RM/SCMEDIA/Map.3.gif2.RM/SCMEDIA/Map.3.gif>

8. 1613 Russian nobles elect Michael Romanov as tsar (emperor, r. 1613-45) 1682 Peter the Great becomes tsar (r. 1682- 1725)

9. Westernisation: dress, etiquette, technology, administration and government, mercantilism Taking control of Russian Orthodox Church Founding Saint Petersburg Map Link: Russia under Peter the Great: <http://splendidculture.wikispaces.com/file/view/Russia%http://splendidculture.wikispaces.com/file/view/Russia% 20Map.gif/378385212/Russia%20Map.gif20Map.gif/378385212/Russia%20Map.gif>

10. The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-13): 1700 Death of Charles II of Spain (r. 1665-1700) Louis XIVPrince Charles of Austria 1700-46 Reign of Philip V of Spain England, Dutch Republic, Austria, Prussia, Portugal vs. France, Spain, Bavaria 1713-14 Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt

11. Map Link: Europe 1714: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/ 7f/Europe_1714.png7f/Europe_1714.png>

12. Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de Saint-Simon (1675-1755) Soldier, writer of Mémoires Opposed policy of Louis XIV Associate of Louis of Bourgogne (d. 1712) and Philippe II of Orléans (d. 1723)