1. Age of Reason and the Enlightenment

2. Europe in the 18 th century Politics – countries ruled by divine right, people had little say in the government Politics – countries ruled by divine right, people had little say in the government Religion–religious persecution, intolerance Religion–religious persecution, intolerance Society – increased literacy, social inequality Society – increased literacy, social inequality

3. Origins of the Enlightenment – John Locke and Thomas Hobbes Both lived through English Civil War Both lived through English Civil War Two views of revolution Two views of revolution Hobbes: man is evil, needs absolute government to keep order in society Hobbes: man is evil, needs absolute government to keep order in society Locke: man is good, had natural rights (life, liberty and property) that we were born with and government could not take away. Locke: man is good, had natural rights (life, liberty and property) that we were born with and government could not take away.

4. Origins of the Enlightenment Hobbes and Locke and the Social Contract Hobbes and Locke and the Social Contract Social Contract – agreement between the government and the people Social Contract – agreement between the government and the people Hobbes: people give up rights in order to live in a secure society (freedom for order) Hobbes: people give up rights in order to live in a secure society (freedom for order)

5. Origins of the Enlightenment Locke: people act reasonable (rational) and the government protects their natural rights Locke: people act reasonable (rational) and the government protects their natural rights –People don’t act reasonable, rights taken away (go to jail) –Government takes away rights unjustly, people have the right to overthrow the government *** Locke inspired ideas in the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson****

6. John Locke - English

7. Thomas Hobbes - English

8. Origins of the Enlightenment - Scientific Scientific Revolution – Newton (laws of gravity, motion), Bacon (scientific method) Scientific Revolution – Newton (laws of gravity, motion), Bacon (scientific method) Philosophes – French philosophers – believed that like scientific laws (gravity), there were also laws that governed human behavior – these were called… Philosophes – French philosophers – believed that like scientific laws (gravity), there were also laws that governed human behavior – these were called… Natural laws Natural laws

9. Origins of the Enlightenment - Religious Attempted to explain God through his work in nature and not solely through his biblical Word. Attempted to explain God through his work in nature and not solely through his biblical Word. Supported a “rational religion”, free from superstitions, mysteries and miracles. Supported a “rational religion”, free from superstitions, mysteries and miracles. Like scientists of the scientific revolution wanted facts, not theory. Like scientists of the scientific revolution wanted facts, not theory.

10. Origins of the Enlightenment - Religious Deism Deism Belief in God or supreme being Belief in God or supreme being God was “hands-off” – set up everything and uninvolved in daily lives of humans God was “hands-off” – set up everything and uninvolved in daily lives of humans No point in any specific religion – Not technically Christian, Muslim, Buddhist, etc. No point in any specific religion – Not technically Christian, Muslim, Buddhist, etc.

11. Deists

12. Characteristics of the Enlightenment Rationalism – use of reason Rationalism – use of reason Secularism – application of scientific methods to religion and philosophy Secularism – application of scientific methods to religion and philosophy Scientific Method Scientific Method –Experimentation and observation Utilitarianism – philosophy – the greatest good for the greatest number of people Utilitarianism – philosophy – the greatest good for the greatest number of people Optimism – man is intrinsically (naturally) good Optimism – man is intrinsically (naturally) good

13. Characteristics of the Enlightenment Freedom Freedom –of thought and expression –Freedom to all men (battle against absolutism) Legal reforms Legal reforms –No torture –Due process of law (right to attorney, habeas corpus, excessive punishments)

14. Philosophes “lovers of wisdom” “lovers of wisdom” Students of society who analyzed its evils and advanced reforms Students of society who analyzed its evils and advanced reforms Salons – social gatherings where philosophes, artists, writers, etc. would meet and exchange ideas Salons – social gatherings where philosophes, artists, writers, etc. would meet and exchange ideas –Madame Geoffrin – most famous

15. Madame Geoffrin’s Salon

16. Enlightenment Concepts Natural laws – laws (like physical laws) that govern human nature Natural laws – laws (like physical laws) that govern human nature Natural rights – rights all men are born with (Locke – life, liberty and property) Natural rights – rights all men are born with (Locke – life, liberty and property) Social contract – agreement between the people and the government Social contract – agreement between the people and the government