1. The Effect of Aerosols on the Climate By Hugh Alvarado Student Researchers: Juan Rodrigez, Irving Andino, Johan Toloza Faculty Mentors: Dr. James Frost 1, Dr. Elizabeth Rudolph 2, and Mr. Ryan Hutchinson 3 1 LaGuardia Community College: 31-10 Thomson Avenue, Long Island City, New York 11101 2 City College: New York, New York 3 Medgar Evers College: 1150 Carroll Street, Brooklyn, NY 11225 of the City University of New York

2. Abstract Aerosols in our atmosphere can affect our climate both directly and indirectly. The direct effect can cause climate forcing by absorbing and reflecting sunlight, therefore, cooling the atmosphere. While the indirect effect modifies cloud properties. With the help of the handheld Polarimeter in conjunction with the automated CIMEL sun photometer, we can effectively determine the optical depth and size of aerosol particles.

3. Introduction What are Aerosols? Aerosols are tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. These are often seen by the naked eye as smoke, haze and dust. Some occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. However, a greater percentage of aerosol particles originate from Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and the alteration of the natural surface cover.

4. Aerosols Properties However, the problem with aerosols is that they have a great variety of properties, which makes them difficult to identify, locate, and classify. Aerosols divide into, Troposheric and Stratospheric aerosols. Aerosols differ in size, chemical composition, and lifetime.

5. Types of Aerosols Troposperic Aerosols Aerosols located in the troposphere, these are mainly anthropogenic. This type of aerosol varies in size and chemical composition, according to the region where it is located. Have a direct effect on the climate. Stratospheric Aerosol Aerosols located in the higher zone of the lower atmosphere. This type of aerosols affect the properties of clouds. Have an indirect effect on the climate.

6. Climatic Effect of Aerosols (Problem)

7. Tropospheric and Stratospheric Aerosols

8. Methodology In this project we used a Hand-Held Polarimeter to measure the refractive index, optical depth, and particle size (radius) of aerosols. To test the accuracy of our data, we compared the data obtained from the Polarimeter, with data obtained from a CIMEL sun photometer. The data is collected by aiming the Polarimeter toward the sun at different angles. At the same time, we rotated the Polarimeter to determine the Imax and Imin values. Finally, we analyzed the data obtained using IDL (computer program) to determine the optical depth and size of the particles.

9. Polarimeter

10. Results 05_07_11 cloudy Angle Imax Imin 30 161 153 40 115 105 50 92 73 60 79 73 70 72 42 80 72 36 90 89 61 05_07_12 clear Angle Imax Imin 30 165 152 40 144 118 50 125 90 60 111 73 70 105 60 80 106 55 90 119 61 Data: Comparison of data taken at the same place on different days (and under varying weather conditions). These charts represent the values for the data acquired on July 11, 2005 and July 12, 2005. Blue color filter used

11. Data After analyzing the data obtained from both days, we discovered that the aerosol particles from July 12, 2005, have greater radii and optical depth than the particles from July 11, 2005.

12. Discussion Although ideally we would be able to clear the atmosphere of harmful aerosols, such an option is unavailable. However, there are solutions to depress the presence of aerosols in the atmosphere. Laws can be enacted by the major industrial countries around the world to limit aerosol ejection by reducing the use of fuels, energy, and the production of waste. Implementing laws that regulate the use of raw materials and require the use of renewable resources will give scientist more time to analyze aerosols and develop methods to clear them from our atmosphere before aerosols reach dangerously high levels.

13. Conclusion After analyzing the data collected with the Polarimeter, we can concur that aerosols can change in size and optical depth in a matter of hours if not seconds. Similarly, we hypothesized that aerosols modify the properties of clouds. By comparing the amount of energy measured on July 11th with the measurements taken on July 12th, we concluded that less energy reaches the earth on cloudy days, than it does on clear days.

14. Future Work To collect data using instruments that analyze chemical composition, refractive index, and optical depth of aerosols. Investigate the purpose of sulfur in the aerosols. Continue gathering data to develop weather models.

15. Acknowledgements Dr. Rudolph, Dr. Frost Juan Rodrigez, Irving Andino, Johan Toloza NASA Sharp

16. Bibliography Dr. James Frost. Aerosol Project at La Guardia. Online. La Guardia Community College. http://www.cis.lagcc.cuny.edu/frost/html/ http://www.cis.lagcc.cuny.edu/frost/html/ Center for Atmospheric Sciences. Online. NASA and NOAA. http://cas.hamptonu.edu/research/topics/5- 6aersols.htmlhttp://cas.hamptonu.edu/research/topics/5- 6aersols.html