1. LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT 17 TH MILLER/SPOOLMAN Chapter 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

2. 5-1 How Do Species Interact? Concept 5-1 Five types of species interactions— competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism—affect the resource use and population sizes of the species in an ecosystem.

3. Core Case Study: Southern Sea Otters: Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction? Habitat – live in giant _____________ forests in shallow waters along the Pacific coast of North America Agile swimmers that dive to the ocean bottom looking for shellfish Use their bellies as a table and a ___________ to break open the shellfish Hunted by ________ traders almost to the point of extinction kelp rock fur

4. Core Case Study: Southern Sea Otters: Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction? 1977 – U.S Fish and Wildlife Service put them on the __________________ species list Partial Recovery : 1938 to 2009 numbers increased from about 50 to 2,654 Why care about sea otters? Ethics Tourism dollars Keystone species – without them, sea urchins and other kelp eating species would _____________ a kelp forest and all of the biodiversity associated with it endangered destroy

5. Species Interact in Five Major Ways Interspecific Competition - when two or more species interact to gain access to the ________ limited resources Predation – one a member of one species (predator) _______ on a member of another species (prey) Parasitism – occurs when one organism (parasite) feeds on another organism (host) by _____________ on or in the host Mutualism – an interaction that _________________ both species by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource Commensalism – an interaction that benefits one species but has _______ effect on the other same feeds living benefits no

6. Most Species Compete with One Another for Certain Resources The most common interaction between species is ________________ for limited resources When two species compete for the same resources, their ecological niches _________________ The greater the overlap, the more ___________ the competition One species will win Others move, shift their feeding habits, or become ___________ in that area competition overlap intense extinct

7. Some Species Evolve Ways to Share Resources Over a time scale ____________ enough for natural selection to occur, populations of some species develop adaptations for ______________ resources… Resource partitioning Using only ____________ of resource Using at different ____________ or in ____________ ways long sharing part times different

8. Fig. 5-2, p. 106 Blackburnian Warbler Black-throated Green Warbler Cape May Warbler Bay-breasted Warbler Yellow-rumped Warbler

9. Specialist Species of Honeycreepers Fig. 5-3, p. 107

10. Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (1) Predators may capture prey by 1.Walking 2.Swimming 3.Flying 4.Pursuit and ambush 5.Camouflage 6.Chemical warfare

11. Predator-Prey Relationships Fig. 5-4, p. 107

12. Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (2) Prey may avoid capture by 1.Run, swim, fly 2.Protection: shells, bark, thorns 3.Camouflage 4.Chemical warfare 5.Warning coloration 6.Mimicry 7.Deceptive looks 8.Deceptive behavior

13. Fig. 5-5a, p. 109 (a) Span worm - prey Which one? 1.Deceptive behavior 2.Chemical warfare 3.Warning coloration 4.Camouflage 5.Mimicry 6.Deceptive looks Camouflage (blending in)

14. Fig. 5-5b, p. 109 (b) Wandering leaf insect Which one? 1.Deceptive behavior 2.Chemical warfare 3.Warning coloration 4.Camouflage 5.Mimicry 6.Deceptive looks Camouflage (blending in) Deceptive looks? (red eyes)

15. Fig. 5-5c, p. 109 (c) Bombardier beetle Which one? 1.Deceptive behavior 2.Chemical warfare 3.Warning coloration 4.Camouflage 5.Mimicry 6.Deceptive looks Chemical warfare

16. Fig. 5-5d, p. 109 (d) Foul-tasting monarch butterfly Which one? 1.Deceptive behavior 2.Chemical warfare 3.Warning coloration 4.Camouflage 5.Mimicry 6.Deceptive looks Chemical warfare, warning coloration

17. Fig. 5-5e, p. 109 (e) Poison dart frog Which one? 1.Deceptive behavior 2.Chemical warfare 3.Warning coloration 4.Camouflage 5.Mimicry 6.Deceptive looks Chemical warfare, warning coloration

18. Fig. 5-5g, p. 109 (g) Hind wings of Io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal. Which one? 1.Deceptive behavior 2.Chemical warfare 3.Warning coloration 4.Camouflage 5.Mimicry 6.Deceptive looks Deceptive looks

19. Fig. 5-5h, p. 109 (h) When touched, snake caterpillar changes shape to look like head of snake. Which one? 1.Deceptive behavior 2.Chemical warfare 3.Warning coloration 4.Camouflage 5.Mimicry 6.Deceptive looks Deceptive behavior

20. Science Focus: Threats to Kelp Forests Kelp forests – contain large concentrations of _______________ seaweed biologically diverse marine habitat also help to protect the shoreline from ____________ by blunting the force of incoming _____________ Major threats to kelp forests 1.Sea urchins…sea otters eat them 2.Pollution from water run-off (fertilizer) 3.Global warming giant erosion waves

21. Predator and Prey Interactions Can Drive Each Other’s Evolution When two species interact for long periods of time, changing the __________ pool of one species may change the gene pool of the other Such changes can help both sides to become more competitive…_______________________ Bats and moths: echolocation of bats and sensitive hearing of moths gene coevolution

22. Coevolution: A Langohrfledermaus Bat Hunting a Moth Fig. 5-6, p. 110

23. Parasitism: Trout with Blood-Sucking Sea Lamprey Fig. 5-7, p. 110 Parasites _______________ kill their hostrarely

24. In Some Interactions, Both Species Benefit Mutualism …often involves a ____________ and _________________ relationship Gut inhabitant mutualism – bacteria live in the __________________ system of animals Bacteria receive ________________________ Animals receive help __________________________ Not cooperation: it’s mutual exploitation nutritional protection digestive Shelter/protection digesting their food

25. Fig. 5-8, p. 110 Mutualism: Hummingbird and Flower

26. Mutualism: Oxpeckers Clean Rhinoceros; Anemones Protect and Feed Clownfish Fig. 5-9, p. 111

27. In Some Interactions, One Species Benefits and the Other Is Not Harmed Commensalism Examples Epiphytes – plants that use larger plants for _______________ space Birds nesting in trees growing

28. Commensalism: Bromiliad Roots on Tree Trunk Without Harming Tree Fig. 5-10, p. 111

29. Review Question 1 Fig. 5-10, p. 111 This picture demonstrates…. Resource partitioning

30. Review Question 2 Fig. 5-10, p. 111 This picture demonstrates…. Chemical warfare

31. Review Question 3 Fig. 5-10, p. 111 This picture demonstrates…. parasitism