1. Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
16/6/2009
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
Richard Tunstall, Senior Lecturer in Enterprise
Glamorgan Business School
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

2. Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
16/6/2009
Agenda
Theory
Enterprise Education & Reflective Learning
Context
Enterprise Courses at Glamorgan
Practice
Reflective Activities
Action
Applying activities in your own context
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

3. What is Enterprise Education?
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
16/6/2009
What is Enterprise Education?
“How can one analyse and teach acts whose nature is not yet known, and whose effectiveness relies to a considerable degree on the difficulties others have in foreseeing them?”
(Baumol, 1983, P.30)
Small Business Management or Entrepreneurship?
‘About’ or ‘For’ Entrepreneurship? (Levie, 1999)
Entrepreneurial Learning (Rae, 1999, Cope & Watts, 2000) or Enterprise Education (Pittaway, 2005, Gibb, 2003)?
“Complexities and uncertainties necessitating an entrepreneurial response affect all kinds of people in many different aspects of life, not just in the business environment.”
(Gibb, 2002, p.24)
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

4. Enterprise Education in the Curriculum
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
16/6/2009
Enterprise Education in the Curriculum
Opportunities to develop:
Business & Project Planning
Awareness of the importance of enterprise
Understanding of theory
Generic business skills such as presentation & teamwork
Personal goals and career planning
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

5. Curriculum Activities at Glamorgan
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
16/6/2009
Curriculum Activities at Glamorgan
Entrepreneurship, Business Planning
Traditional accredited modules, at the Business School
Make an Impact Week
Business Planning competition, funded by School and sponsors
Business Growth
Accredited module, building on Make an Impact Week
Accredited Work Placements/Projects in SME’s
Advanced Certificate in Enterprise
Optional module delivered pan-university at Level 1, 2 & 3
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

6. Enterprise Awareness Courses at Glamorgan
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
16/6/2009
Enterprise Awareness Courses at Glamorgan
Advanced Certificate in Enterprise developed to consider:
Personal Entrepreneurial Potential
Holistic Business Planning
Business Growth & Development
Entrepreneurial Leadership and Teamwork
Delivered in over 10 universities in 6 European Countries
Delivered through keynote presentations, videos, games (with prizes), interactive activities, team activities and workbooks
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

7. Activity Context
Students introduced to theory and examples of entrepreneurial behaviour
Use tools on case studies of entrepreneurs
Use same tools to consider personal entrepreneurial potential (reflection-on-action (Schön (1983))
Go on to take part in team creativity and business planning activities
Encouraged to reflect on overall process and consider on whether entrepreneurship may be relevant to future personal development and career

8. Critical Reflection in enterprise education
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
16/6/2009
Critical Reflection in enterprise education
Opportunities to develop:
Recollections of experiences
Self-reflection on entrepreneurial potential
Consideration of application of theory to practice
Personal goals and plans for the future
Doing
Experience
Reflecting
Reflective observation
Theorising
Abstract Conceptualisation
Planning
Active Experimentation
Based on: Kolb, Honey & Mumford
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

9. Holistic Enterprise Education?
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
Holistic Enterprise Education?
16/6/2009
Rich Growth of Entrepreneurial Abilities
Emotional Intelligence
Visions and Feel for ‘Way of Life’
Capacity for Experiential Ingestion (tacit knowledge)
Entrepreneurship Values
Conative Affective and Cognitive Learning
Trust building Relationship Arm (Know Who)
Holistic Management Arm (Know How)
Strategically Intuitive Gut
Entrepreneurial Organisation Design and Development
Ideas Harvesting and Evaluation
Entrepreneurial Management in different contexts’
Project Management
You or
Me?
Globalised World of Uncertainty / Complexity
Gibb (2003) ‘Athletic Entrepreneurial Graduate’

10. Entrepreneurial Learning
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
16/6/2009
Entrepreneurial Learning
Ambitious Goals
Values & motivation
Personal Theory
Achievement
Confidence & Self-Belief
Known Capabilities
Relationships
Active Learning
‘The entrepreneurial learning model’ (Rae, D, ‘The Entrepreneurial Spirit’)

11. Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
16/6/2009
Activity 1
a) Complete the Entrepreneurial Traits Wheel
b) Using the results from the Wheels, evaluate your skills using the table provided
For each factor you should justify your reasoning using examples to support your statements.
Compare and contrast a number of entrepreneurs
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

12. Entrepreneurial Traits Wheel
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
Entrepreneurial Traits Wheel
16/6/2009 10 8 6 4 2 x
Based on: Welsh Assembly Government (2005)
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

13. Entrepreneurial Traits Wheel
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
Entrepreneurial Traits Wheel
16/6/2009 x
Based on: Welsh Assembly Government (2005)
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

14. Entrepreneurial Traits
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
16/6/2009
Entrepreneurial Traits
Internal Locus of Control - You control your own destiny, nothing else has an impact
Risk-Taking - You are prepared to take on risks that others might avoid
Autonomy - You value individuality, freedom and responsibility
Need for Achievement - You are driven by socially-recognised achievement, not necessarily just financial rewards
Self-Confidence - You are personally motivated and sure of your own abilities
Innovation - You identify and exploit opportunities
Vision & Flair - You can visualise or know your personal goals and feel you have the ability to realise them.
Pro-activity - You seek out opportunities and make change happen, you don’t rely on luck or other people.
Self evaluation
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

15. Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
16/6/2009
Activity 2
a) Identify your personal skills using the Entrepreneurial Skills Wheel
b) Using the results from the Wheels, evaluate your traits using the table provided
For each factor you should justify your reasoning using examples to support your statements.
Self evaluation
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

16. Entrepreneurial Skills
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
16/6/2009
Entrepreneurial Skills
Confidence
Motivation
Aspiration
Determination
Competitiveness
Problem Solving
Ideas Generation
Opportunist
Innovation
Working with others
Overcome difficulties
Persuasion
Presentation
Communication
Planning
Managing Resource
Decision Making
Research
Managing Risk
Goal Setting
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

17. Entrepreneurial Skills Wheel
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
Entrepreneurial Skills Wheel
16/6/2009 x
Based on: Welsh Assembly Government (2005)
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

18. Entrepreneurial Skills Wheel
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
Entrepreneurial Skills Wheel
16/6/2009 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Based on: Welsh Assembly Government (2005)
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

19. Entrepreneurial Skills Wheel
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
Entrepreneurial Skills Wheel
16/6/2009
Mind Set
Creativity
Working With People
Managing Resources x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Based on: Welsh Assembly Government (2005)
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

20. Activity 3 - Life Path Chart
Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
16/6/2009
Activity 3 - Life Path Chart
Get great job
Move to London
5 years
10 years
15 years
20 years
25 years
30 years
Society wins national award
Set up my own society
High Points
Made lots of friends
Really enjoyed studying
Got involved with clubs & societies
Secondary school
Receive achievement award
Primary School
Today
Birth
Set up my own club
Don’t like working in IT
No potential for progression
Low Points
Not sure what to do next
Fear of future
Didn’t feel valued
Didn’t like being pushed around
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

21. Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
16/6/2009
Activity 3 (continued)
b) Write down your thoughts about your critical incidents, considering the following:
- What was it that made you feel positive or enthusiastic?
- What upset you or got you down?
- What stage are you at now in your life?
- What do you feel positive about?
- What is holding you back?
Identify your motivations for setting up a business
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

22. Developing entrepreneurial capabilities in the curriculum
Activity 4
16/6/2009
Based on the results from the previous activities how might you develop an entrepreneurial career?
Consider the following factors:
How you can overcome your weaknesses
Exploit your strengths
From the critical life path how will you avoid demotivation and seek motivation?
Considering your Strengths and Weaknesses are there any skills you feel you need to achieve or develop to help you achieve your goals?
Were your findings from the activities what you expected?
In summary, your response should clearly state whether you would follow an entrepreneurial career now, in the future or not at all. Justify your answer.
Copyright (2009) University of Glamorgan

23. Applying Activities in Your Own Context
Activities are a ‘way in’ for students to begin critiquing theory on entrepreneurial behaviour
Can be used to analyse case studies of entrepreneurs
Provide a framework for students to appraise skills and personal beliefs before and after a enterprise programme/experience
Provides opportunities for goal setting and discussion of personal values
How can you contribute to enterprise in the curriculum?
How could you relate this to extra-curricular activities?
What opportunities would this create for student development?
Note that it is important to provide reassurance of confidentiality for participants personal reflections

24. References
Baumol, W.J. (1983) ‘Towards operational models of entrepreneurship’ in Ronen, J. (ed), Entrepreneurship. Lexington, M.A : Lexington Books.
Cope, J. and Watts, G (2000), ‘Learning by doing – An exploration of experience, critical incidents and reflection in entrepreneurial learning’ International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, Vol. 6, No.3
Gibb, A. (2002) ‘In pursuit of a new ‘enterprise’ and ‘entrepreneurship’ paradigm for learning: creative destruction, new values, new ways of doing things and new combinations of knowledge’ International Journal of Management Reviews, 4 (3) pp  
Kolb, D.A, (1984) Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall
Pittaway, L. (2005) ‘Stimulating Entrepreneurial Learning: Assessing the Utility of Experiential Learning Designs’ Management Learning.
Rae, D. (1999) The Entrepreneurial Spirit: Leaning to Unlock Value, Blackhall, Dubin
Schon, D.A. (1987) Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco: Jossey Bass

25. Website: http://web.mac.com/richard.tunstall
Questions?
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