1. TUGAS KASUS CHILD DEVELOPMENT Dr. Sri Lanawati PASCA SARJANA UNIVERSITAS PELITA HARAPAN

2. DEPRESSION (Describes) Social issues…. What is Depression? A complex disorder with a variety of causes, including genetic, chemical, physical, and sociological. It is more than just sadness or “the blues”.

3. People who suffer from it may experience despair and worthlessness, feelings that can greatly influence both personal and professional relationships.

4. What are the symptoms? Feelings of hopelessness, even then there is reason to be hopeful Fatigue or low energy Greatly reduced interest or pleasure in most regular activities. Feelings of worthlessness Excessive or inappropriate guilt Lessened ability to think or concentrate

5. Indecisiveness / ragu-ragu. Distorted thoughts and having an unrealistic view of life. Weight gain or loss. Appetite changes. Sleeping pattern changes. Recurrent thoughts of death. Suicide attempt Feelings of restlessness or being slowed down.

6. Who becomes depressed? Depression does not seem to be related to factors such as ethnicity, education, income, and marital status. It affects slightly more women than men. Some researchers believe that women with a history of emotional and sexual abuse or economic deprivation, or who are dependent on others, are especially vulnerable to depression. There seems to be a genetic link.

7. What are the Physical causes? (Explain) Many physicians believe that depression results from a chemical imbalance in the brain. They often prescribe antidepressant medication, and many people find relief as a result. However, there is no reliable test to identify such a chemical imbalance. It is unknown whether life experiences cause mood changes that, in turn, create changes in brain chemistry or whether the process works in reverse.

8. Depression may be associated with physical events such as other diseases, physical trauma, and hormonal changes. A depressed person should always have a physical examination as part of the assessment process to determine the role of physical causes.

9. Biological perspective Depression is often associated with the trait of neuroticism, which is heritable. People with severe depression often respond to drugs that heighten the action of serotonin.

10. What are the origins of depression? May be a reaction to losses and stress. Sources of chronic strain such as marital discord, physical discomfort, incompetence and failure or pressure at work. Psychoanalysts suggest, people who are overly concerned about hurting other people’s feelings or losing their approval. Anger is turned inward and experienced self-hatred.

11. Psychodynamic perspective Bipolar disorder may be seen as alternating states in which the personality is first dominated by the superego and then by the ego. In the depressive phase of the disorder, the superego dominates, producing exaggerated ideas of wrong doing and associated feelings of guilt and worthlessness.

12. Learning perspective Suggest that depressed people behave as though they cannot obtain reinforcement. They have an external locus of control. They do not believe they can control events so as to achieve reinforcements. (learned helplessness)

13. Cognitive perspective Perfectionists set themselves up for depression by making irrational demands on themselves. They are likely to fall short of their (unrealistic) expectations and to feel depressed as a result. People who ruminate about feelings of depression are more likely to prolong them (predicts).

14. Predicts Thoughts of death or suicide. Ability to function is impaired Extremely isolated from others.

15. Treatment for depression (control behavior) Psychotherapy, exploring one’s beliefs and ways of thinking and learning new ways of thinking and behaving, with the guidance of a professional. Self-help. Medication. Altering one’s brain chemistry by taking antidepressant medication.

16. Nonmedical treatment Cognitive therapist help depressed clients feel better by identifying how faulty ways of thinking make them feel bad. Clients analyze their thoughts and beliefs and learn to substitute more healthy ways of thinking and believing. Many mental health professionals believe that the ideal treatment of clinical depression is medication in conjunction with psychotherapy.

17. How can be prevented? Identify your risk factors and be aware of where you are vulnerable. Each of us has unique risk factors, such as things we were taught in our families, values we have learned, and the presence or absence of a family history of depression. Anything learned can be unlearned and replaced with something healthier.

18. Learn to manage stress. Learn problem-solving skills. Build your life around things you can control. Learn self-acceptance. Focus on the future, not the past. Develop a sense of purpose. Strengthen you emotional boundaries (batas) and set limits. Build positive and healthy relationships. Avoid isolation.