1. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com Formation of pre-Replicative complex

2. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com G2 M ORC MCM CDC6 + Cdt1 Replication Machinery “Pre-Replicative Complex” Replication complexes during the cell cycle ORC CDC6+ Cdt1 Slate G1 early G1

3. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com Eukaryotic initiation complex ORC : A six subunit protein complex which has been implicated as being the eukaryotic DNA replication initiator protein. Subunits are named according to their size, with ORC1 being the largest and ORC6 being the smallest subunit. Yeast ORC specifically binds to replication origins in an ATP dependent manner and has been shown to possess ATPase activity. CDC6/Cdc18 : An essential factor for the assembly of the pre- replicative complexes that co-operates with Cdt1 to load MCM2-7 Proteolyzed in yeasts or exported out of the nucleus in mammalian cells at the G1- S transition. Overexpression of Cdc6 in yeast causes multiple rounds of DNA replication without intervening mitosis, making it a critical regulator of DNA replication. MCM2-7 : A family of six related proteins (MCM2-MCM7) which seem to function together in a large multi-subunit protein complex. The role of MCM í s in DNA replication is still speculative, ranging from mediation of protein-DNA interactions to DNA helicase activity.

4. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com A/TDUEORE Auxiliary elements Auxiliary elements Origin recognition proteins Transcription Factors Transcription Factors Leading str Lagging str Core origin Origins are multi-partite

5. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com The Structure of ARS1 (S. cerevisiae) B1 ACS B2 B3 ABF1 ORC “Post-RC” protection “Pre-RC” protection 1 3 4 5 6 4 1 2 2

6. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com

7. ORC uses different strategies for binding DNA in different species

8. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com Pre-RC formation ORC : A six subunit protein complex which has been implicated as being the eukaryotic DNA replication initiator protein. Subunits are named according to their size, with ORC1 being the largest and ORC6 being the smallest subunit. Yeast ORC specifically binds to replication origins in an ATP dependent manner and has been shown to possess ATPase activity. CDC6/Cdc18 : An essential factor for the assembly of the pre- replicative complexes that co-operates with Cdt1 to load MCM2-7 Proteolyzed in yeasts or exported out of the nucleus in mammalian cells at the G1- S transition. Overexpression of Cdc6 in yeast causes multiple rounds of DNA replication without intervening mitosis, making it a critical regulator of DNA replication. MCM2-7 : A family of six related proteins (MCM2-MCM7) which seem to function together in a large multi-subunit protein complex. The role of MCM í s in DNA replication is still speculative, ranging from mediation of protein-DNA interactions to DNA helicase activity.

9. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com The Xenopus Cdc6 Protein Is Essential for the Initiation of a Single Round of DNA Replication in Cell-Free Extracts Made from Xenopus egg extracts Rxn Time: 0-30 min 30-60 min 60-90 min + 32P labeled DNA replication product Replication initiation required on double-stranded DNA substrate Only elongation required on single-stranded DNA substrate

10. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com Orc is required to load CDC6; CDC6 is required to load MCM

11. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com Immunostaining for CDC6 can pick out proliferating cells in Pap smears

12. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com Pre-RC formation ORC : A six subunit protein complex which has been implicated as being the eukaryotic DNA replication initiator protein. Subunits are named according to their size, with ORC1 being the largest and ORC6 being the smallest subunit. Yeast ORC specifically binds to replication origins in an ATP dependent manner and has been shown to possess ATPase activity. CDC6/Cdc18 : An essential factor for the assembly of the pre- replicative complexes that co-operates with Cdt1 to load MCM2-7 Proteolyzed in yeasts or exported out of the nucleus in mammalian cells at the G1- S transition. Overexpression of Cdc6 in yeast causes multiple rounds of DNA replication without intervening mitosis, making it a critical regulator of DNA replication. MCM2-7 : A family of six related proteins (MCM2-MCM7) which seem to function together in a large multi-subunit protein complex. The role of MCM í s in DNA replication is still speculative, ranging from mediation of protein-DNA interactions to DNA helicase activity.

13. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com

14. Propidium iodide staining No. of cells Fluorescence analysis and cell sorting (FACS) DNA in cells stained with propidium iodide. Intensity of staining in each cell is proportional to amount of DNA in the cell.

15. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) tests whether a given DNA sequence is bound by a protein in vivo

16. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com

17. MCM homolog from M. thermoautotrophicum (an archaebacterium) has helicase activity. What direction?

18. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com Mt MCM forms double hexamers

19. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com Pre-RC formation ORC : A six subunit protein complex which has been implicated as being the eukaryotic DNA replication initiator protein. Subunits are named according to their size, with ORC1 being the largest and ORC6 being the smallest subunit. Yeast ORC specifically binds to replication origins in an ATP dependent manner and has been shown to possess ATPase activity. CDC6/Cdc18 : An essential factor for the assembly of the pre- replicative complexes that co-operates with Cdt1 to load MCM2-7 Proteolyzed in yeasts or exported out of the nucleus in mammalian cells at the G1- S transition. Overexpression of Cdc6 in yeast causes multiple rounds of DNA replication without intervening mitosis, making it a critical regulator of DNA replication. MCM2-7 : A family of six related proteins (MCM2-MCM7) which seem to function together in a large multi-subunit protein complex. The role of MCM í s in DNA replication is still speculative, ranging from mediation of protein-DNA interactions to DNA helicase activity.

20. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com Mammalian cells can survive with 0.1x the normal ORC2 level : WT vs  cells

21. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com oriP EBNA1 EBNA1 protein Replication from an origin in Epstein-Barr virus: a plasmid expressing EBNA1 and containing oriP will replicate and be maintained as an episome in mammalian cells Hygromycin- Resistance gene

22. 免疫学信息网 http://www.immuneweb.com Establishment of drug-resistant colonies after transfection of EBV-based plasmid