1. Urban Government Reforming the Machines

2. Overview Motive for Reform Reform Environment Reform Proposals

3. Motive for Reform Class Immigration Corruption Democratic Control

4. Motive for Reform: Class Upper Class resentment at power of lower classes Element of the population able to control government

5. Motive for Reform: Immigration Nativist objections to influx of new immigrant populations Particularly those from Catholic, southern, and eastern European countries Demographic distribution of the immigrant populations

6. Motive for Reform: Corruption Machines in most urban areas target of “Progressive” reform Confluence of political and corporate corruption undermined the “public” good

7. Motive for Reform: Democratic Control Too much democracy (immigrant and working class vote) Too little democracy (candidate selection and electoral process controlled by party bosses)

8. “A city is a corporation...as a city it has nothing whatever to do with general political interests.... The questions in a city are not political questions...The work of a city being the creation and control of the city property.

9. “it should logically be managed as a piece of property by those who have created it, who have a title to it, or a real substantial part in it... [and not by] a crod of illiterate peasants, freshly raked in from the Irish bogs, or Bohemian mines, or Italian robber nests.” -- Andrew D. White (1890)

10. Reform Environment Scandals (corporate and political) Popular press picking up stories of corruption Mass consumption of the scandals

11. Reform Proposals 1.Reduce Election fraud –Voter registration requirements –Australian (secret) ballot –Nonpartisan elections

12. Reform Proposals Move from “ward” to “at large” elections