1. Operating systems Unit objectives: Identify operating system fundamentals Manage directories on a Microsoft Windows computer Manage files on a Microsoft Windows computer Control access to files and folders on a Microsoft Windows computer

2. Topic A Topic A: Operating system fundamentals Topic B: Directory management Topic C: File management Topic D: File and folder permissions

3. Operating systems Set of software instructions Control the computer Run programs Accept input Display output Examples: –Windows –Macintosh –Linux –UNIX

7. Microsoft Windows Most installed client OS First GUI: Windows 3.1 Icons and menus to perform functions Uses a mouse or other pointing device

8. Windows 7 Professional Edition

9. Macintosh (Mac) OS Apple’s client operating system Uses a GUI Current version: –Mac OS X (10.6) –Also known as Snow Leopard –Based on UNIX Revised more often than Windows Applications are plentiful

10. Mac OS X Snow Leopard

11. Linux Free client operating system Based on UNIX Latest kernel: 2.6.32 How to obtain: –Download Linux for free –Buy a distribution version Uses a GUI Many system admin tasks done at command line

12. Ubuntu Linux

13. UNIX Developed in 1969 by AT&T Trademark owned by The Open Group UNIX standards: –UNIX 93 –UNIX 95 –UNIX 98 –UNIX 03 www.unix.org

14. Windows client operating systems Windows NT Workstation Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows Me Three Windows XP versions –Windows XP Professional –Windows XP Home Edition –Windows XP Media Center Edition Windows 2000 Professional continued

15. Windows client OSs, continued Six Windows Vista versions –Windows Vista Home Basic –Windows Vista Home Premium –Windows Vista Business –Windows Vista Ultimate –Windows Vista Starter –Windows Vista Enterprise Six Windows 7 versions –Windows 7 Home Basic –Windows 7 Home Premium –Windows 7 Professional –Windows 7 Ultimate –Windows 7 Enterprise –Windows 7 Starter

16. Not available in Windows 7 Home Basic Aero Glass and advanced window navigation Easy networking and network sharing Windows Media Center and improved media format support Multi-touch

17. Not available in either Win 7 Home Edition Windows XP mode Domain Join Network backup Encrypting File System (EFS) Location-aware printing Remote Desktop Host

18. Available only in Win 7 Enterprise & Ultimate BitLocker Drive Encryption Multi-Language User Interface (MUI) Direct Access links to corporate resources without a VPN AppLocker Virtual Hard Disk (VHD) disk image booting BranchCache

19. Not available in Vista Home Basic Aero desktop GUI with Flip 3D Windows Mobility Center and Tablet PC support Scheduled and network-based backup Windows Meeting Space PC-to-PC Sync

20. Not available in either Vista Home editions Multiprocessor support Complete PC Backup and Restore Networking Center Remote Desktop Domain Join Group Policy support Windows Fax and Scan Encrypting File System (EFS) Shadow Copy P2P Meeting Place Corporate Roaming Offline Files and Folders

21. In Vista Home Premium & Ultimate Windows Media Center and Media Center Extenders Windows DVD Maker Windows HD Movie Maker Windows premium games

22. Available only in Windows Vista Ultimate BitLocker Drive Encryption

23. Available in Ultimate and Enterprise Multi-Language User Interface (MUI) Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications (SUA) Single Session Virtual PC

24. Windows XP Professional features Remote desktop Multiprocessor support Automated System Recovery Dynamic disk support Fax service IIS/Personal Web server Encrypting File System File-level access control C2 certification Domain membership Group policies IntelliMirror Remote Installation Services Roaming profiles Multilingual support 64-bit version IPSec user interface SNMP Simple TCP/IP services SAP agent Client services for NetWare Network monitor Client-side caching Administrative tools

25. Windows 2000 features Dependability: –Device driver verification –Scalable memory and processor support –Side-by-side DLLs –Windows File Protection –Windows Installer Security: –Encrypting File System (EFS), single- user support –IPSec –Kerberos continued

26. Windows 2000 features, continued Management and deployment: –User State Migration Tool –Hardware standards support –System Preparation Tool –Remote OS Installation –Multilingual support –Group Policy support –Microsoft Management Console (MMC) –Recovery console –Safe Mode startup options –Internet Connection Sharing –Troubleshooters

27. Windows 2000 mobile support Offline file and folder support Offline viewing Laptop power management features Hot docking Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)

28. 32-bit versus 64-bit Refers to how the CPU accesses and processes information 64-bit system –Access larger amounts of memory –Different internal command set –Provides additional features and functionality –Hardware drivers must be 64-bit compatible –Operating system must be written as 64-bit Microsoft’s 32-bit version referred to as x86 Microsoft’s 64-bit version referred to as x64

29. Activity A-1 Selecting an appropriate Windows operating system

30. The Windows 7 desktop

31. The Windows Vista desktop

32. Windows XP Professional desktop

33. Windows 2000 Professional desktop

34. Windows Aero features Introduced with Windows Vista UI for: –Windows Vista Home Premium –Windows Vista Business –Windows Vista Enterprise –Windows Vista Ultimate Features: –Windows Sidebar –Translucent windows, taskbar, and Start menu –Taskbar thumbnails –Three-dimensional Windows Flip

35. Windows Aero

36. 3D Windows Flip

37. Windows 7 Aero features Aero Peek Aero Shake Aero Snap Jump lists

38. Aero system requirements 1 GHz 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor 1 GB system memory 128 MB graphics card DirectX 9-compatible graphics processor that supports: –A Windows Display Driver Model (WDDM) driver –Pixel Shader 2.0 in hardware –32 bits per pixel

39. Windows Explorer in Vista Professional

40. Windows Explorer in XP

41. Libraries

42. A library’s included locations

43. Activity A-2 Locating Windows 7 interface components

44. Control Panel in Classic View on Vista

45. Control Panel in Category View

46. Control Panel Search

47. Computer Management console

48. Network folder in Windows Vista

49. Command-line utility

50. Task Manager

51. Microsoft Management Console

52. Activity A-3 Observing Windows 7 system tools

53. Topic B Topic A: Operating system fundamentals Topic B: Directory management Topic C: File management Topic D: File and folder permissions

54. Directory structure

55. Windows default file structure

56. Navigating directories using the GUI 1.Open Windows Explorer 2.7/Vista: In Folders pane, click arrow next to drive or folder to expand it XP/2000: In navigation pane, click + next to drive or folder to expand it 3.Select drive or subfolder in the Folders or navigation pane to view its contents in the details pane

57. Activity B-1 Navigating a directory tree using the Windows GUI

58. Navigating using the command prompt MS-DOS navigation commands –cmd (32-bit) –command (16-bit) –dir –chdir or cd

59. Cmd (command)

60. Dir

61. Wildcard characters Use to display a subset of directories and files: –* –? Examples: –dir *.txt –dir 200?.txt

62. Chdir (cd) Displays the name of the current drive and directory

63. Help General help: help Command-specific help: cmd /? Syntax: –Upper-case are required characters –Lower-case are variable strings

64. Activity B-2 Using the command prompt

65. Activity B-3 Navigating a directory tree at the command-line

66. Creating directories in the GUI 1.In the Folders or navigation pane, select the drive or folder where you want to create the new folder 2.7/Vista: Choose New, Folder XP/2000: Choose File, New, Folder 3.Type a name for the new folder 4.Press Enter –Max # of allowable characters in file path is 255

67. Activity B-4 Creating directories using the Windows GUI

68. Creating directories at the command prompt At the command prompt: mkdir drive:path md drive:path

69. Spaces in commands 16-bit command.com doesn’t allow spaces 32-bit cmd.exe treats spaces as delimiters and treats each word after the command as a separate parameter To force the command interpreter to recognize the spaces, enclose in quotation marks any file or folder names that include spaces

70. Activity B-5 Creating directories at the command-line

71. Copying directories in the GUI 1.In Folders or navigation pane, select directory you want to copy –Use Ctrl key to select more than one 2.Right-click selection and choose Copy 3.In Folders or navigation pane, right-click destination location 4.Choose Paste

72. Activity B-6 Copying a directory using the Windows GUI

73. Copying directories using the command prompt Copy — copies one or more files to another location Xcopy — copies files (not including hidden and system files), directories, and subdirectories

74. Copy copy source destination

75. Xcopy xcopy source destination continued

76. Xcopy, continued

77. Activity B-7 Copying a directory at the command-line

78. Removing directories using the GUI 1.Right-click folder you want to delete (in either pane of Windows Explorer) 2.Choose Delete 3.Click Yes to confirm

79. Activity B-8 Removing a directory using the Windows GUI

80. Removing directories using the command prompt rmdir/rd With rmdir/rd, delete any files and subdirectories in that directory rmdir drive:path rd drive:path Can’t delete the current directory

81. Activity B-9 Removing a directory at the command-line

82. Topic C Topic A: Operating system fundamentals Topic B: Directory management Topic C: File management Topic D: File and folder permissions

83. Binary and text files Two types of computer files: –Binary –Text Binary files –Read by computer, but not by humans –Program files Text files –Typically in ASCII format –Read by humans using a text editor –Data files

84. ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange Pronounced “ask-ee” Code represents English characters as numbers Each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127

85. File-name extensions Three-letter extension Indicates the file type Used by OS to open appropriate application Windows hides extensions

86. Common file extensions.bat.bin.bmp.gif.jpeg.jpg.png.tif.com.exe.hlp.chm.htm.html.inf.ini.msi.rtf.sys.txt.vbs Additional extensions found at www.fileinfo.com/common.php

87. File names and extensions MS-DOS file names –Eight-character limit –“8.3” Eight characters for the name Three characters for the extension Separated by a period Windows file names –255-character limit FAT16: Extensions of 0-3 characters FAT32 and NTFS: Extensions of 0-255 characters (total name can’t exceed 255)

88. Creating text files MS-DOS edit command Windows GUI text-editing application

89. Creating a text file with edit 1.At DOS prompt, type edit and press Enter 2.Enter the desired text 3.Choose File, Save As (or press Alt, F, A) 4.Press Alt+D; then use arrow keys and Enter to navigate to desired directory 5.Press Alt+N 6.Type a file name and extension 7.Press Tab to highlight the OK button; then press Enter 8.Press Alt, F, X to exit the edit program

90. Creating a text file in Notepad 1.Click Start and choose All Programs, Accessories, Notepad 2.Enter the desired text 3.Choose File, Save As 4.Select the desired directory 5.Type a name for the file 6.Verify that Text Documents (*.txt) is selected in the Save as type box 7.Click Save 8.Choose File, Exit

91. Editing text files MS-DOS edit command Windows GUI text editing application

92. Activity C-1 Creating a text file using the MS-DOS text editor

93. Editing a text file with edit 1.Type edit drive:\path\filename and press Enter 2.Modify the text 3.Choose File, Save or press Alt, F, S 4.Press Alt, F, X to exit

94. Editing a text file in Notepad 1.Click Start and choose All Programs, Accessories, Notepad 2.Choose File, Open 3.Navigate to the folder containing the text file 4.Select the desired file 5.Click Open 6.Modify the text 7.Save the file and exit the program

95. Activity C-2 Editing a text file using the MS-DOS text editor

96. Batch files Contain multiple commands The OS runs commands in the file Used for repetitive tasks Created in any text editor You can enable or disable the display of commands while batch file is running –Echo on|off

97. Activity C-3 Creating a batch file using Notepad

98. File attributes Indicate to OS how files should be used Types: –Read-only –Hidden –System –Archive –Index (in Vista)

99. Activity C-4 Modifying file attributes

100. Attrib.exe Removes or assigns attributes System or hidden attribute must be removed before another attribute is assigned Recognizes wildcards –? –* continued

101. Attrib.exe, continued

102. Activity C-5 Modifying file attributes using attrib.exe

103. Topic D Topic A: Operating system fundamentals Topic B: Directory management Topic C: File management Topic D: File and folder permissions

104. Sharing files with local users Each user has a personal folder Private Access granted to user and administrator Contains other folders; vary based on OS

105. Windows 7 private folders

106. Windows Vista private folders

107. Windows XP private folders

108. Public folder sharing in Vista and 7 Easiest way to share files and folders with other users Other users can: –Open –Edit –Delete

109. Shared Documents Used by Windows XP Same function as Vista’s Public folders Fewer subfolders

110. Activity D-1 Sharing files in the Public folder with local users

111. HomeGroups in Windows 7

112. Activity D-2 Exploring homegroups

113. Permissions Two types: –Share –Local NTFS Share permissions: –7/Vista: Reader Contributor Owner Co-owner –XP/2000: Read Change Full Control

114. NTFS File security provided by NTFS Windows client OSs supporting NTFS: –Windows NT Workstation –Windows 2000 Professional –All Windows XP editions –All Windows Vista editions –All Windows 7 editions More specific and varied than share permissions Classic File Sharing and Security interface

115. NTFS file permissions File permissionAllows users to Full controlChange file permissions Take ownership of the file Complete tasks allowed by all other file permissions ModifyModify the file Delete the file Complete tasks allowed by the Read & Execute and Write file permissions Read & executeRun applications Complete tasks allowed by the Read file permission continued

116. NTFS file permissions, continued File permissionAllows users to ReadRead the contents of the file View attributes assigned to the file View the file’s owner View permissions assigned to the file WriteOverwrite the contents of the file Change attributes assigned to the file View the file’s owner View permissions assigned to the file

117. NTFS Folder permissions Folder permission Allows users to Full controlChange permissions for the folder, its subfolders, and files Take ownership of the folder Delete the folder, its subfolders, and files Complete tasks allowed by all other folder permissions ModifyDelete the folder Complete tasks allowed by the Read & Execute and Write folder permissions List folder contents View the names of files and subfolders within a folder. Not inherited by subfolders. continued

118. NTFS Folder permissions, continued Folder permission Allows users to ReadView the contents of the folder, its subfolders, and files View the folder’s owner View permissions for the folder, its subfolders, and files View attributes of the folder, its subfolders, and files WriteCreate subfolders and files within the folder Change the attributes assigned to the folder, its subfolders, and files View the folder’s owner View permissions for the folder, its subfolders, and files

119. Guidelines for NTFS permissions Each user can have multiple NTFS file and folder permissions assigned, plus permissions assigned to his/her groups NTFS permissions are cumulative NTFS permissions are inherited Explicit denial overrides all corresponding permissions Administrators can take ownership and change permissions

120. Assigning NTFS permissions Simple File Sharing: –Windows XP Home –Windows XP Media Center Edition –Windows XP Professional non-domain members Windows 7 and Vista don’t use Simple File Sharing Can disable Simple File Sharing in Windows XP Professional Effective permissions = sum of share and NTFS permissions

121. Effective permissions Sum of share and NTFS permissions More restrictive permission between the two determines access Microsoft uses “effective permissions” to refer to resulting abilities of a user or group –Effective Permissions tab in Advanced Security Settings dialog box

122. Activity D-3 Setting NTFS permissions

123. Unit summary Identified operating system fundamentals Managed directories on a Microsoft Windows computer Managed files on a Microsoft Windows computer Controlled access to files and folders on a Microsoft Windows computer