1. Staying Alive or the Limitations of the See and Avoid Principle CAA Safety Investigation Unit

2. Background Why I am presenting today The USA perspective FAA AC90-48C The Australian perspective BASI/ATSB Research Report Trends in New Zealand July/August Vector 2009

3. NZ Reported Near Misses

4. NZ Hot Spots Hamilton 19 Tauranga12 Palmerston North11 Ardmore10 Christchurch 9 Paraparaumu 8 Queenstown 8

5. Mid Air Accident ZK-MBD and ZK-MBL 9 February 2006 ZK-MBL Climbing 75kt 750ft/min ZK-MBD Descending 75kt 600ft/min “The accident occurred due to the pilots not being able to sight each other as a result of the aircraft’s inherent blind spots and position of the sun”

6. SSR Radar Plot

7. Accident Site

8. ZK-MBD Main Wreckage

9. ZK-MBL Main Wreckage

10. Aircraft Blind Spots

11. Mid Air Accident ZK-ETY and ZK-HGV 17 February 2008 Paraparaumu ZK-HGV PPL(H) issue flight test A Cat Examiner 2,674 hours ZK-ETY Student pilot 25 hours TAIC Summary Page TAIC Safety Recommendation 5.1.2

12. ZK-ETY Main Wreckage

13. ZK-ETY Tail Section

14. ZK-ETY Roof Damage

15. ZK-ETY Engine

16. ZK- HGV Placemakers Roof

17. ZK-HGV Main Wreckage

18. What the CAA Rule Says 91.229 Right-of-way rules (a) Right-of-Way: A pilot of an aircraft – (1) must, when weather conditions permit, regardless of whether the flight is performed under IFR or under VFR, maintain a visual lookout so as to see and avoid other aircraft; and

19. What the Advisory Circulars Say AC61-3 AC61-5 Lookout: Demonstrate an adequate lookout (both on the ground and in the air). Maintain an adequate level of situational awareness by ensuring compliance with the minimum VMC requirements for VFR flight and building a mental picture of the relative position of traffic, which may potentially affect the flight.

20. What the Flight Test Guides Advise for RPL/PPL/CPL Assessment Criteria Task: Lookout (critical task) Objective: To determine that the candidate; (a)Maintains a good lookout both on the ground and in the air for collision avoidance and separation from other aircraft (critical element). (b)remains in VMC to comply with Visual Flight Rules (critical element). (c)Maintains situational awareness (critical element)

21. “Lookout” Considerations FAA AC 90-48C gives eight key points: Constantly alert within field of vision Spotting threats Proper scanning technique Short regularly spaced eye movements Peripheral vision most useful Visual search at night/peripheral Brightness and contrast Moving head to search around obstructions

22. Scan Technique

24. “To See” Considerations Workload Glass cockpits Diffusion of responsibility Cockpit Visibility ObstructionsGlare Blind Spots Visual field narrowing Threshold for Acuity Accommodation Empty field myopia Alerted V Unalerted Target characteristics Lights

25. “And Avoid” Considerations It should not be assumed that successful action is guaranteed once threat sighted Time required to recognise threat and take evasive action Evasive manoeuvre may increase collision risk

26. Time to React

27. The Instructor’s/Flight Examiner’s Perspective Devote maximum time to collision avoidance Set an example Safety pilot “During any flight test, direct attention to the applicant’s vigilance of other air traffic and an adequate clearance of the area before performing any flight manoeuvre”

28. Conclusion New Zealand trends Instructing/assessment of lookout, see, and avoid Self preservation of instructors and flight examiners Tools for your toolbox (handouts)