1. U SER-LED DEVELOPMENT OF AN I NTERACTIVE E VOLUTIONARY D ESIGN ( IED ) SYSTEM Ian Graham A DAPTIVE C OMPUTING IN D ESIGN AND M ANUFACTURE 2008 S PECIAL S ESSION ON U SER- C ENTRED I NTELLIGENT S YSTEMS G ALLERY Research Associate · Design Practice Research Group · Department of Design and Technology

2. Conclusions Questions and discussion User-led development of an IED system S EMINAR F ORMAT IED system development & adoption by industry The Evolutionary Form Design (EFD) system Outreach activities and user trials

3. User-led development of an IED system IED system development & adoption by industry With a few notable exceptions in design exploration e.g. Genometri, Affinnova IED does not seem to have been widely adopted by designers

4. User-led development of an IED system IED system development & adoption by industry Other reasons to explore: Lack of awareness in the design industry? Instinctive resistance to the technology? The look or style of the output of many existing IED systems? Acknowledged problems: Operator fatigue

5. User-led development of an IED system IED system development & adoption by industry Limited end-user involvement during IED system development Are researchers reluctant to test their systems in the real world? The current limitations are obvious without user-involvement' Are these limitations inherent in the technology or are we simply not there yet in terms of development?

6. User-led development of an IED system IED system development & adoption by industry Any questions or comments on: IED adoption in industry ? The way IED systems are developed ?

7. EFD 1.Implementation 2.Representation 3.Noteworthy features Control of Boolean interactions Edge Blending Strategies Automation of geometric and aesthetic optimisation 4.Limitations 5.Strengths THE SYSTEM

8. Implementation THE EFD SYSTEM

9. Implementation Screenshot THE EFD SYSTEM

10. Representation THE EFD SYSTEM

11. Representation createunitesubtract intersection THE EFD SYSTEM

12. Representation vector direction - x, y, z primitive type origin - x, y, z sign (boolean operator) size multiplier shape proportions - x, y, z Genotype blend multiplier blend frequency blend radii Boolean interaction team-forming tactics THE EFD SYSTEM

13. Representation vector direction - x, y, z primitive type origin - x, y, z sign (boolean operator) size multiplier shape proportions - x, y, z CHROMOSOMES type chromosome segment bin. dec. decoded block sphere cylinder cone create unite subtract intersect 00 0 01 1 10 2 11 3 00 0 01 1 10 2 11 3 sign chromosome segment bin. dec. decoded THE EFD SYSTEM

14. Implementation = Dominant features carried over four generations generation onegeneration twogeneration threegeneration four g4p8-olive Ancestral diagram THE EFD SYSTEM

15. Implementation G e n e r a t i o n O n e G e n e r a t i o n T w o G e n e r a t i o n T h r e e Generation Four Family tree diagram of Cobra sculpture THE EFD SYSTEM

16. Control of Boolean interactions Edge Blending Strategies The team-forming algorithm Automation of geometric and aesthetic optimisation Noteworthy features THE EFD SYSTEM

17. Control of Boolean interactions Edge Blending Strategies The team-forming algorithm Automation of geometric and aesthetic optimisation Noteworthy features THE EFD SYSTEM

18. Post-creation Boolean operations Control of Boolean interactions 1 2 3 4 Blue- create Magenta- unite Orange- subtract 5 9 6 7 8 THE EFD SYSTEM

19. Control of Boolean interactions All interfering bodiesSelected targetsAdjacent creation order cone create sphere create sphere subtract cylinder unite Primitive Sign The three methods of post-creation Boolean target selection THE EFD SYSTEM

20. Edge Blending Strategies Creation of the Parrot Fish sculpture Parrot Fish before and after genetic blending THE EFD SYSTEM

21. Control of Boolean interactions Edge Blending Strategies The team-forming algorithm Automation of geometric and aesthetic optimisation Noteworthy features THE EFD SYSTEM

22. Edge Blending Strategies Small (1-2mm) blends smooth edges highlights THE EFD SYSTEM

23. Edge Blending Strategies Medium (5-10mm) blends round edges fillets THE EFD SYSTEM

24. Edge Blending Strategies Large (25-100mm) blends new shapes created THE EFD SYSTEM

25. Edge Blending Strategies Whole-object (post-Boolean) blending 1. Sphere created 2. Interfering block created 3. Block subtracted from sphere 4. Object edges blended THE EFD SYSTEM

26. 1. Sphere created 3. Block edges blended 4. Blended block subtracted from sphere 2. Interfering block created Edge Blending Strategies Primitive (pre-Boolean) blending THE EFD SYSTEM

27. Edge Blending Strategies Comparing equivalent objects with alternative blending strategies THE EFD SYSTEM

28. Control of Boolean interactions Edge Blending Strategies The team-forming algorithm Automation of geometric and aesthetic optimisation Noteworthy features THE EFD SYSTEM

29. Comparison of the standard and team-forming modes The team-forming algorithm Object formed from 1 genotypeObject formed from a team of 5 phenotypes 1 genotype (30 chromosomes) object is a single phenotype genotype (6 chromosomes) object is a team of phenotypes 5 phenotypes 3 segment chromosome 2 bit segment 1 segment chromosome 6 bit segment THE EFD SYSTEM

30. The team-forming algorithm EXAMPLE POPULATIONS THE EFD SYSTEM

31. The team-forming algorithm g3t10-grey g2t2-greeng2t6-yellowg2t5-magenta Parents of g3t10-grey team-members with associated objects P62 P53 P32 P58 P61 P50 P8 P41 P21 P39 P66 P53 P42 THE EFD SYSTEM

32. Control of Boolean interactions Edge Blending Strategies The team-forming algorithm Automation of geometric and aesthetic optimisation Noteworthy features THE EFD SYSTEM

33. Automation of geometric and aesthetic optimisation 1 initial population 17 population converged 5 object type established 11 solution found target: bounding box, volume of 0.1000m 3 solution: block, volume of 0.1005m 3 (31x47x69cm) achieved in: 11 generations (population size: 14) accuracy: (0.1005 - 0.1) 0.1 = 0.005 = 0.5% THE EFD SYSTEM

34. target: bounding box, volume of 0.1000m 3 solution: block, volume of 0.1005m 3 (31x47x69cm) achieved in: 11 generations (population size: 14) accuracy: (0.1005 - 0.1) 0.1 = 0.005 = 0.5% Automation of geometric and aesthetic optimisation 1237654141516201918178913121110 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Generation Maximum Fitness Mean Fitness Show THE EFD SYSTEM

35. Automation of geometric and aesthetic optimisation Volume - Target : 0.05m 3 0.049986 110.028% 16 solutiongenerationaccuracyconvergence Optimisation examples THE EFD SYSTEM

36. Automation of geometric and aesthetic optimisation Surface Area - Target : 0.8m 2 0.79974 9 14 0.033% solutiongenerationaccuracyconvergence Optimisation examples THE EFD SYSTEM

37. Automation of geometric and aesthetic optimisation Dimensions - Target : 20 10 50cm 20 10 51 170.667% 25 solutiongenerationaccuracyconvergence Optimisation examples THE EFD SYSTEM

38. Automation of geometric and aesthetic optimisation Machine-based aesthetic optimisation Computer Aided Aesthetics in Evolutionary Computer Aided Design Aesthetic measures represented geometrically: Simplicity · Stability · Edge Smoothness · Face Smoothness Expandability · Surface Area · Volume · Hardness · Softness THE EFD SYSTEM

39. 1.Lack of hands-on control Limitations 2.Can be hit-and-miss 3.Restricted range of 3D forms THE EFD SYSTEM

40. 1.Lack of hands-on control Objects cannot be edited directly using the CAD interface and then returned to the population for further evolutionary development. Limitations 2.Can be hit-and-miss 3.Restricted range of 3D forms THE EFD SYSTEM

41. 1.Lack of hands-on control Objects cannot be edited directly using the CAD interface and then returned to the population for further evolutionary development. Limitations 2.Can be hit-and-miss In the early stages of evolution (to ensure variability), especially if the user is aiming for a particular form. 3.Restricted range of 3D forms THE EFD SYSTEM

42. 1.Lack of hands-on control Objects cannot be edited directly using the CAD interface and then returned to the population for further evolutionary development. Limitations 2.Can be hit-and-miss In the early stages of evolution (to ensure variability), especially if the user is aiming for a particular form. 3.Restricted range of 3D forms Designers of consumer products rarely use simple solid modeling these days, tending to use hybrid surface/solid modelers. THE EFD SYSTEM

43. 1.Lack of hands-on control Objects cannot be edited directly using the CAD interface and then returned to the population for further evolutionary development. Limitations Any other limitations ? 2.Can be hit-and-miss In the early stages of evolution (to ensure variability), especially if the user is aiming for a particular form. 3.Restricted range of 3D forms Designers of consumer products rarely use simple solid modeling these days, tending to use hybrid surface/solid modelers. THE EFD SYSTEM

44. Strengths 2.No preliminary modelling needed 1.Generic 3.Conceptually simple 4.Less of an inherent style then other IED systems THE EFD SYSTEM

45. Strengths 2.No preliminary modelling needed 1.Generic Not focussed on any particular product. Offers flexibility across a wide spectrum of design, (consumer products, furniture, architecture, sculpture etc.). 3.Conceptually simple 4.Less of an inherent style then other IED systems THE EFD SYSTEM

46. Strengths 2.No preliminary modelling needed Bypasses users preconceptions. Users need no prior experience in using CAD 1.Generic Not focussed on any particular product. Offers flexibility across a wide spectrum of design, (consumer products, furniture, architecture, sculpture etc.). 3.Conceptually simple 4.Less of an inherent style then other IED systems THE EFD SYSTEM

47. Strengths 2.No preliminary modelling needed Bypasses users preconceptions. Users need no prior experience in using CAD 1.Generic Not focussed on any particular product. Offers flexibility across a wide spectrum of design, (consumer products, furniture, architecture, sculpture etc.). 3.Conceptually simple Users quickly grasp how their interactions control the evolutionary process 4.Less of an inherent style then other IED systems THE EFD SYSTEM

48. Strengths 2.No preliminary modelling needed Bypasses users preconceptions. Users need no prior experience in using CAD. 1.Generic Not focussed on any particular product. Offers flexibility across a wide spectrum of design, (consumer products, furniture, architecture, sculpture etc.). 3.Conceptually simple Users quickly grasp how their interactions control the evolutionary process. 4.Less of an inherent style then other IED systems Capable of creativity-enhancing and innovative form design. THE EFD SYSTEM

49. Strengths 2.No preliminary modelling needed Bypasses users preconceptions. Users need no prior experience in using CAD 1.Generic Not focussed on any particular product. Offers flexibility across a wide spectrum of design, (consumer products, furniture, architecture, sculpture etc.). 3.Conceptually simple Users quickly grasp how their interactions control the evolutionary process 4.Less of an inherent style then other IED systems Capable of creativity-enhancing and innovative form design. THE EFD SYSTEM Any other strengths ?

50. Any questions or comments on the EFD system ? THE EFD SYSTEM

51. O UTREACH A CTIVITIES AND U SER T RIALS Engaging design professionals Creativity experiments Schools and creative engagement Design-recreation activities User-integrated design

52. Engaging design professionals 1.Introduce the EFD system to a variety of industrial and product design fields, such as: Consumer products Furniture Automotive styling Architecture Sculpture 2.Workshop 3.Exhibition 4.Interviews

53. Creativity experiments Comparative experiments under controlled conditions: 1.Designers vs. Non-designers, both using the EFD system 2.A group using the EFD system vs. a group using other form- finding techniques Results judged via an exhibition or on-line Any other ideas for experiments ?

54. Schools and creative engagement Engage young people in schools Early exposure to CAD Combine with other technologies

55. Design-recreation activities Creative recreation - evolving virtual sculptures Assign material properties and create photo-realistic prints Or rapid prototype and hand finish solid models

56. User-integrated design Previous work in the department inhibited by users lack of ability in CAD form creation EFD system can overcome this by generating forms How well will the outputs from consumers using the EFD system be integrated into customised consumer products by professional designers ?

57. O UTREACH A CTIVITIES AND U SER T RIALS Engaging design professionals Creativity experiments Schools and creative engagement Design-recreation activities User-integrated design Any questions or comments on activities, trials and experiments ?

58. Conclusions User-led development of an IED system S EMINAR F ORMAT IED system development & adoption by industry The Evolutionary Form Design system Outreach activities and user trials Questions and discussion

59. Conclusions Principle of user-centred design should be applied to the development of Interactive Evolutionary Design systems This will increase awareness if IED amongst the design community, creating more of a pull for the technology Collaboration between computer scientists and human scientists will provide a boost to the progression of IED research IED can contribute to a change in the way things are designed, and the way users can be involved in design processes These principles will be adopted in development of the EFD system, which is felt is an ideal candidate for such research methods.

60. Questions and discussion User-led development of an IED system S EMINAR F ORMAT IED system development & adoption by industry The Evolutionary Form Design system Outreach activities and user trials Conclusions

61. Questions and discussion BACK TO START Interactive Evolutionary Design in general Awareness and use of IED in industry Barriers to widespread adoption Sectors to target When should IED systems be exposed to users? The EFD system Usefulness Potential applications Our proposed activities

62. User-led development of an IED system: Adoption by industry The EFD system IED Development Outreach activities Conclusions, questions and discussion: Conclusions Discussion points I NDEX G ALLERY