1. Unit 5 CONTROL CENTERS AND POWER SYSTEM SECURITY

2. VOLTAGE STABILITY

3. Receiving end voltage, current and power as a function of load demand.

4. The current and voltage is given by

8. SCADA CONCEPTS Input/output signal hardware, controllers, HMI, networks, communication, and software.HMI Site control is actually performed automatically by a remote terminal unit (RTU) or by a programmable logic controller (PLC).remote terminal unitprogrammable logic controller

9. HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE Presents process data to a human operator Presents process data to a human operator Through which the human operator controls the process HARDWARE SOLUTIONS Distributed Control System (DCS) components IEC 61131-3, is frequently used to create programs which run on these RTUs and PLCs. Allows SCADA system engineers to perform both the design and implementation of a program to be executed on a RTU or PLC.

10. SYSTEM COMPONENTS Multiple Remote Terminal Units (also known as RTUs or Outstations). To physical equipment, and reads status data such as the open/closed status from a switch or a valve, reads measurements such as pressure, flow, voltage or current.switchvalve Has alarms ---Can be activated based on the requirements. Master Station and HMI Computer(s). Servers and software responsible for communicating with the field equipment (rtus, plcs, etc) Master station may be SINGLE or MULTIPLE SERVERS SCADA prsents a information as a MIMIC diagram Mean Time Between Failures Is Very LowMean Time Between Failures Communication infrastructure Used Radio And Direct Serial Or Modem Connections To Meet Communication Requirements Ethernet and IP over SONET--- railways and power stationsSONET COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS-----Modbus, RP-570 IEC 60870-5-101 or 104, Profibus and DNP3ModbusRP-570IEC 60870-5-101 or 104ProfibusDNP3

11. FUNCTIONING OF SCADA SYSTEMS  Channel scanning  Polling  Interrupt Scanning  Conversion into engineering units  Data processing

12. EMS AND SCADA

13. LOAD MONITORING SYSTEM using SCADA  ADVANTAGES  Easy identification of area of fault occurrence  Effective monitoring of utilization of load  Distance between MASTER STATION &RTU can be very long  Accurate decision making is possible  Mimic diagram representation is possible  High reliability (less mean time between failures)