1. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
Bacterial Survey
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
Vol 1 – Gram negatives
Vol 2 – Gram positives
Vol 3 – Cyano’s, Archaebacteria, & other G –’s
Vol 4 - Actinomycetes

2. Vol 1 distinguishes 11 groups of Gram negatives based on:
Morphology
Motility
Mechanism of motility
O2 relationship
+/- cell wall
Parasitic requirement

3. 1) Spirochetes – includes many species + 3 important pathogens
Helical w/ axial filament
Ubiquitous in nature
Pathogens include:
Treponema
Borrelia
Leptospira
Many symbionts – form mutualistic associations
Hindguts of termites
Digestive tracts of mollusks
Oral cavities of animals

4. Spirochetes: a) Treponema
Primary stage
Rich history
Treponematosis – venereal and non-venereal forms
Syphilis
Bejel, Yaws
Syphilis either progresses through a series of stages to debilitation/death or terminates (self-limited)
Transmission via:
Sexual contact
Casual contact
Congenital contact
Secondary stage
Tertiary stage

5. Syphilis: Occurrence, tests and treatment
~50,00 cases/yr (CDC)
Tests:
1º stage – microscopic exam
2º stage –serological (VDRL.RPR)
ELISA using VDRL antigen specific for IgG/IgM
Treatment:
Benzathine penicillin
Doxycycline/tetracycline
Azithromycin

6. Spirochetes: b) Borrelia
Primary stage
Zoonosis – white-tailed deer and deer mouse reservoir
Tick vector
1º stage – bulls eye rash & flu-like symptoms
2º stage – arthritis persistent fatigue
vector
Secondary stage

7. Lyme disease: Occurrence, tests and treatment
~10,000 cases/yr (CDC)
ELISA test
Tetracycline, Azithromycin, chloramphenicol
Prevention centered on insect vector
Check skin periodically
DEET

8. Tick removal

9. Spirochetes: c) Leptospira
Occupational disease of workers in contact with animal urine
Poor sanitary conditions
Outdoor enthusiasts
Exposure through cuts, mucous membrane, ingestion
Two phases of symptoms
Initially, Flu-like
Later involvement of liver/kidneys