0. Warm-Up August 27, 2014
1. What is one reason that their has been an increase in crime laboratories in the United States since the 1960s? 2. What is an expert witness?

1. Objective
SWBAT describe the services of a typical crime lab.

2. Agenda Lab Safety Quiz Crime Labs Laws Case Study & Analysis
Ted Bundy Documentary
Exit Slip

3. Crime Lab History First police crime lab in the world
France in 1910 by Edmond Locard
First police crime lab in the U.S.
1923 in Los Angeles
The first FBI crime lab opened in 1932

4. Major Crime Laboratories
FBI
Largest crime lab in the world
DEA
Analyze drugs seized in violation of federal laws
ATF
Analyze alcoholic beverages and documents relating to alcohol and firearm excise tax law enforcement and examine weapons and explosive devices
U.S. Postal Service
Maintains laboratories concerned with criminal investigations related to the postal service

5. Crime Lab—Basic Services
Physical Science Unit
Chemistry
Physics
Geology
Biology Unit
Firearms Unit
Document Examination Unit
Photography Unit

6. Crime Lab—Optional Services
Toxicology Unit
Latent Fingerprint Unit
Polygraph Unit
Voiceprint Analysis Unit
Crime-scene Investigation/Evidence Collection Unit

7. Other Forensic Science Services
Forensic Pathology
Forensic Anthropology
Forensic Entomology
Forensic Psychiatry
Forensic Odontology
Forensic Engineering
Forensic Computer/Digital Analysis

8. Scientific Method (as it pertains to criminalistics)
Observe a problem or questioned evidence and collect objective data.
Consider a hypothesis or possible solution.
Examine, test, and then analyze the evidence.
Determine the significance of the evidence.
Formulate a theory based on evaluation of the significance of the evidence

9. Complex Reasoning Skills
Necessary to Work Through and Solve Crimes:
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Classifying
Comparing and Contrasting
Problem Solving
Analyzing Perspectives
Constructing Support
Error Analysis

10. Laws that Pertain to the U.S. Criminal Justice System
The U.S. Constitution
Statutory Law
Common Law or Case Law
Civil Law
Criminal Law
Equity Law
Administrative Law

11. The Bill of Rights Gives individuals the right:
To be presumed innocent until proven guilty
Not to be searched unreasonably
Not to be arrested without probable cause
Against unreasonable seizure of personal property
Against self-incrimination
To fair questioning by police
To protection from physical harm throughout the justice process
To an attorney
To trial by jury
To know any charges against oneself
To cross-examine prosecution witnesses
To speak and present witnesses
Not to be tried again for the same crime
Against cruel and unusual punishment
To due process
To a speedy trial
Against excessive bail
Against excessive fines
To be treated the same as others, regardless of race, gender, religious preference, country of origin, and other personal attributes

12. Miranda v Arizona
In 1963, Ernesto Miranda, a 23 year old mentally disturbed man, was accused of kidnapping and raping an 18-year-old woman in Phoenix, Arizona. He was brought in for questioning, and confessed to the crime. He was not told that he did not have to speak or that he could have a lawyer present. At trial, Miranda's lawyer tried to get the confession thrown out, but the motion was denied. The case went to the Supreme Court in The Court ruled that the statements made to the police could not be used as evidence, since Mr. Miranda had not been advised of his rights.

13. Miranda Rights The following is a minimal Miranda warning:
You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney, and to have an attorney present during any questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at the government’s expense.

14. Federal Rules of Evidence
In order for evidence to be admissible, it must be:
Probative—actually prove something
Material—address an issue that is relevant to the particular crime

15. Admissibility of Evidence
1923 Frye v. United States
Admissibility is determined by:
generally accepted by the relevant scientific community
No guidance on reliability
Jury decides if it can be used.
1993 Daubert v. Dow
Admissibility is determined by:
If theory or technique can be tested
If science has been offered for peer review
If rate of error is acceptable
If the method at issue enjoys widespread acceptance.
If the opinion is relevant to the issue
The judge decides if the evidence can be entered into the trial.

16. Facets of Guilt Try to prove:
Means—person had the ability to do the crime
Motive—person had a reason to do the crime (not necessary to prove in a court of law)
Opportunity—person can be placed at the crime

17. Case Study & Analysis
Describe the primary issue of law whose resolution by the court was critical to the state’s case against Dr. Jascalevich.
How did the court ultimately rule on this issue? Describe the main arguments supporting the court’s decision.
Describe the primary scientific issue raised during the trial. What were the defense’s main challenges to the scientific evidence presented by the prosecution?

18. Ted Bundy Documentary
8. What happened that led police to discover who Ted Bundy really was? 9. What evidence was found that linked Ted Bundy to his crimes? 10. How did Ted Bundy escape prison both times? 11. How was Ted Bundy caught the second time? 12. How did Ted postpone his execution?

19. Homework Read Chapter 2, pages 42 – 49.
Be sure to complete the online forms and get contracts signed.

20. Exit Slip August 27, 2014
1. Get out a mobile device or use one of the computers and go to m.socrative.com. You can also use one of the iPads that has the Socrative app.
2. When prompted, enter for the room number.
QUESTION: Confessions, eyewitness accounts, and the evaluation of physical evidence assist police in solving crimes. Which of these is free of inherent error or bias?