1. Let’s review what you’ve learned

2.  Is where science and the law collide!  Study and application of science to the law.  Can be called criminalistics

3.  Ballistics  Document examination  Photography  Toxicology and drug analysis  Fingerprints

4.  Anthropology: study of bones  Odontology: study of bite marks and dental ID  Pathology: autopsy of a victim  Entomology: study of insects  Palynology: study of pollen and spores  Toxicology: study of chemicals (poisons or drugs)

5.  Have a degree in the sciences  Have an advanced degree in forensics  Works in police force

6.  Large cities  FBI  DEA- drug related crimes  ATF- alcohol, weapons, explosives, organized crime  U.S. Postal Service: mail crimes  U.S. Fish and Wildlife

7.  Physical Science Unit  Drugs, soil, glass, paint, blood spatter  Firearms Unit  Tool marks, weapons, firearms, bullets  Document Analysis Unit  Handwriting, typewriting, computer apps, paper, ink  Biology Unit  Body fluids, DNA, blood types, hair, fibers, plant life

8.  “Whenever two objects come into contact, there is always a transfer of material..”

9.  Observe, Hypothesize, Test, Conclude, Evaluate and verify  Must be sure the science was just, someone’s life depends on it  All possible errors must be stated  Come up with an opinion that will stand up in court

10.  U.S. Constitution overrules constitutions of individual states

11.  The law on the books, set in place by the government and based on the constitution.

12.  Law made by judges who set precedents in court.  Future court decisions can recognize these set precedents as law.  Stare decisis : to stand by the decision

13.  Private law, deals with relationships among individuals involving property or contracts.  Examples: Marriage, divorce, child support, custody, wills, property transfers.  Punished by fines or transfers of property.

14.  Crimes against a person, deals with enforcing public codes of behavior defined by laws.  Misdemeanors & Felonies  Prosecution must prove “guilt beyond a reasonable doubt”  Punishable by: fines, community service, probation, incarceration, life in prison, capital punishment.

15.  Preventative law for cases not covered by common law.  To mitigate the rigor of common law allowing courts to use judgement  Example: restraining order

16.  Rules & regulations established by agencies such as the IRS, Social Security, branches of military

17.  1. Right to remain silent  2. Anything you do or say may be used against you in the court of law  3. You have right to consult an attorney before speaking to police and have an attorney present  4. If you cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed to you  5. If you decide to answer questions without an attorney present, you still have right to stop at anytime until you talk to an attorney  6. Knowing and understanding your rights as I have explained them to you, are you willing to answer my questions without an attorney present?

18.  Police evaluate crime  report  prosecution If probable cause  warrant Arrest  booking  Miranda rights  Arraignment: before judge enter plea Guilty  judge sentences Not Guilty  judge determines if enough evidence to go to court

19.  Infraction: minor offense. Penalty: fine  Misdemeanor: crimes punishable by no more than 1 year in jail. Fines up to $2500 + community service.  Felony: More serious crimes. Investigated by district court, can go to trial. 5 years to life (death penalty in most states). Fines up to $100,000.

20.  Frye Standard: scientific evidence is admissible if it is “generally accepted” in the field  Daubert Ruling: Revision of Frye, Judge must make decision if evidence is admissible based on if the scientific method was used, the rate of error is stated, techniques are reproducible, peers review and agreement  Helps avoid “junk science” in the courtroom.