1. Visual Imagery

2. Visual imagery What is it? What’s it like? What’s it for?

3. Imagery What shape are Snoopy’s ears? If you were driving from Gilmer to the corner and the gate was down, what would be the shortest detour? What color is a bee’s head? Is a leopard’s tail more than half the length of its body?

4. Imagery Most people report “looking” at a mental picture to answer such questions. This implies (but doesn’t prove) that there is a type of representation that is quasi- pictorial, that is, has some of the properties of a picture.

5. Analog vs. proposition: “A ball is on a box” Proposition Relation Syntax Truth value Abstract Not spatial Analog No distinct relation No syntax Truth value only when described Concrete Spatial medium

6. How do we know that there are images? Big controversy through the 1970’s Basic answer is that imagery has a lot of properties that you would predict it would have if it were quasi-pictorial, that propositions wouldn’t have.

7. Property 1: Rotation Same (rotated) Or different (mirror)

8. Property 1: Rotation Time to answer question related to angle of rotation: easy to interpret as imaging the pieces rotating.

9. Property 2: Size zooming

10. Property 2: size zooming

11. Property 3: Scanning

13. Property 4: Brain locus Language centers Visual centers

15. What’s imagery like? In many ways, it’s like perception (but in some ways not)

16. Memory representations Visual experience “screen” Early perceptual processes

17. Perky (1910) Confusability (Perky, 1910)

18. People confused imagery and perception. Like perception: Confusability (Perky, 1910)

19. Like perception: interference High imagery: “A nudist devouring a bird” Low imagey: “The intellect of Einstein was a miracle” Visual interfering task: subjects see a 1 or 2 on a computer screen & must say which digit not appear Auditory interfering task: subjects hear a “1” or “2” and must say the other digit. Control group: no task Atwood, 1971

20. Atwood results visual interfering task = big effect on high imagery pairs auditory interfering task = big effect on low imagery pairs.

21. Visual Spatial Like perception: separation of “what” and “where”

22. color questions (“what color is the outside of a pineapple?” size comparisons (“which is bigger, a popsicle or a pack of cigarettes?”) Letter rotation Mental scanning Visual imagery: Spatial Imagery Damage to ventral impairs visual imagery, damage to dorsal impairs spatial imagery

23. Imagery not like perception: distortions Which city is further North, Rome or Philadelphia? Which city is further East, Chicago, or Minneapolis? Which city is further South, Mexico City or Panama City? Which city is further west, Reno, or San Diego?

24. Imagery not like perception: distortion

25. Reno San Francisco San Diego 65% of Bay Area students got it wrong

26. Imagery not like perception: distortion Reno San Francisco San Diego Tilted figures tend to be remembered as more vertical or horizontal than they really are

27. Imagery not like perception Study this so that you could draw it.

28. Imagery not like perception Before you draw it... Rotate it 90 degrees clockwise—can you tell what it is? Now draw it.

30. Finke et al (1989) Inspection allows you to determine what a visual image is. Imagine the letter “B.” Rotate it 90 degrees counterclockwise. Put a triangle directly below it having the same width and pointing down. Remove the horizontal line. What is it?

31. Imagine the letter “B.” B Rotate it 90 degrees counter clockwise. B Put a triangle directly below it having the same width and pointing down B Remove the horizontal line People get the transformations right about 60% of the time If they get the transformations right, they name the image 60% of the time.

32. Image inspection Images can be inspected to some extent, but it is not as effective as perception

33. What is imagery for? Memory Make implicit knowledge conscious Prepare for future actions

34. Memory

35. Dual coding model (Paivio) Abstract nouns: can be coded only verbally. Concrete nouns: can be coded verbally or in terms of images.

36. Does bizarreness help? It seems to; data conflict a bit from study to study, but overall answer seems to be “yes.”

37. Make implicit knowledge conscious We are a visual species, and it makes sense for memory to follow perception. What might be ways to code the world other than vision?

38. Make implicit knowledge conscious Is the writing on the Coca-Cola logo cursive? Which is closer to the ground, the tip of a horse’s tail, or the knee on it’s back leg? Which is larger, a tennis ball, or the rounded part of a light bulb? This is information that was in the image, and so can be extracted, but was not encoded, per se.

39. Example--will the bed fit in the alcove? Prepare for future actions