1. DNA and Protein Synthesis

2. Nucleic Acids

3. Nucleic Acids - Function Control the processes of heredity by which cells and organisms make proteins.

4. Nucleic Acids – Types DNA –Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA –Ribonucleic Acid

5. As you know, DNA stands for…. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

6. Is DNA a monomer or polymer 1.Monomer 2.Polymer

7. The monomer units of DNA are known as…. NUCLEOTIDES

8. All nucleotides have three “parts” in common. They all contain…. Sugar= Deoxyribose Phosphate Group One of FOUR different NITROGEN BASES

9. PLEASE UNDERSTAND, A NUCLEOTIDE IS A VERY COMPLEX STRUCTURE. IF WE REPRESENTED ALL OF THE ATOMS, IT WOULD LOOK LIKE THIS…

10. We will use our hands to represent a nucleotide. SUGAR PHOSPHATE NITROGEN BASE

11. The four different Nitrogen Bases for DNA are abbreviated using the following letters…. Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine A T G C

12. Using your two hands, please show how you think two nucleotides will/should bond together. Did you put your hands like this???

13. In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine using two hydrogen bonds. A T

14. A AND T AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL

15. In DNA GUANINE always pairs with CYTOSINE using three hydrogen bonds. G C

16. G AND C AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL

17. THE ENTIRE MOLECULE AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL

18. Time to use your brain and hands in order to review nucleotide structure and type. USING YOUR HAND, SHOW ME THYMINE USING YOUR HAND SHOW ME ADENINE SHOW ME CYTOSINE SHOW ME HOW CYTOSINE AND THYMINE BOND TO FORM A RUNG ON THE LADDER THEY DON’T

19. OK Now that you recognize nucleotide type and structure, it’s time to start building the polymer from these monomers.

20. In order to make a molecule of DNA, you would need to create many rungs to the DNA ladder. Look. Many Rungs. Etc…

21. What part of the nucleotide alternates to form the sides of the DNA ladder? Etc… Sugar, Phosphate. Etc…

22. What makes up the “RUNGS” of the ladder? The Nitrogen Bases

23. Go Ahead! Stack your hands on top of your partner’s hands building two rungs of the DNA ladder.

24. TRY IT!!!

25. If you link enough nucleotides together, the DNA molecule begins to take on the characteristic shape known as the Double Helix

26. Let’s make a candy version of our DNA

27. Let’s Review First… Nucleic Acid Nucleotide DNA RNA Nitrogen Base Double Helix

28. Nucleic Acid – Structure Made up of a chain of Nucleotides that contain –Phosphate backbone –Sugar –Nitrogen base Guanine Cytosine Adenine Thymine (Found only in DNA) Uracil (Found only in RNA)

29. Nucleic Acids

30. DNA

31. SUGAR Phosphate

32. Let’s see how well you looked at the diagram…regarding the nitrogen bases, Adenine always bonds with which one? 1.Cytosine 2.Thymine 3.Guanine 4.Uracil 1234567891011121314151617181920 21222324

33. DNA SUGAR Phosphate

34. Let’s make a candy version of our DNA

35. Candy DNA Pipe cleaner for the form Red Twizzler = Deoxyribose Black Twizzler = Phosphate Colored Marshmallows = nitrogen bases

36. Candy DNA Colored Marshmallows = Nitrogen Bases –Pink Marshmallow = Adenine –Green Marshmallow = Thymine –Yellow Marshmallow = Cytosine –Orange Marshmallow = Guanine We’ll use toothpicks to join the nitrogen bases to the sugar

37. Let’s Build

38. What actual structures make up the sides of the ladder? Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate

39. What structures make up the rungs? Nitrogen Bases

40. What do you notice about all the DNA molecules in the room? They are all different!

41. DNA Replication 1.) DNA unzips 2.) Free nucleotides bond with open complementary base pairs 3.) 2 new strands formed

43. Let’s review DNA

44. Let’s Build A Protein

45. Protein Synthesis It’s a process –DNA -> RNA -> Amino Acids (Protein)

46. RNA Sugar is Ribose NOT what… Has nitrogen base Uracil instead of Thymine –Also contains the other 3 bases…what are they? Only single stranded

47. RNA

48. Transcription 1.) DNA strand unzips –The bonds between the nitrogen bases are broken 2.) A single strand of mRNA (messenger RNA) is made –Pair up the bases 3.) mRNA travels from nucleus to cytoplasm

49. Transcription

50. Why is mRNA called messenger RNA? Because it carries the directions to make a protein to the ribosome like a message

51. Translation mRNA meets up with a ribosome…why?? tRNA molecules bring amino acids to ribosomes An mRNA codon will pair with a tRNA anticodon –Codon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in mRNA that specifies a specific amino acid –Anticodon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in tRNA As tRNA’s are added, amino acids are bonded together and will be released as a fully functional protein.

52. Translation

53. That’s the process, Now how do you know what amino acids make up a particular protein We use an mRNA codon chart