1. Safety-Two بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم د. فارس العنزي أستاذ علم الدم والمناعة المشارك

2. Accident "A sudden unexpected event which occurs in the workplace as a result of a series of factors and which results in injury and/or property damage".

3. Hidden Costs of Accidents: 1. Time loss 2. Stress 3. Administrative time 4. Time and cost of recruiting, 5. Hiring and training replacing 6. Property or material damage or loss 7. Fines

4. Prevention of Accidents Requires: 1. Awareness of causes of accidents. 2. Implementation of corrective measures for those causes. 3. Consideration of safety factors.

5. Elements Which Contribute to Accidents 1. People 2. Time 3. Workplace conditions 4. Procedures 5. Equipments and materials

6. Equipments-Related Causes: 1. Defective 2. Inappropriate 3. Not maintained 4. Improperly stored 5. Improperly transported 6. Unguarded

7. Procedures-Related Causes: 1.Not followed 2.Not communicated

8. Workplace-Related Causes: 1. Congestion 2. Fire harzards 3. Poor housekeeping 4. Inadequate ventilation

9. Time-Related Causes: 1. Unavailability of adequate staff 2. Rushing 3. Shiftwork stresses

10. People-Related Causes: 1. Being careless 2. Not followed procedures 3. Not wearing personal protective equipment 4. Poor judgment

11. Causes of Infections: 1. Needle puncture 2. Broken glass, blades, pipettes 3. Contact with infectious spills, sprays 4. Animal bites or scratches

12. Decontamination Definition: Removing contamination by killing microbes Principle methods: 1. Autoclave 2. Chemical disinfectants 3. Burning

13. Biological spill procedure Large spills: 1. Hold breath, leave area, allow 10-30 min for aerosol to settle. 2. Cover spill with paper towels to avoid splashing. 3. Pour disinfectant onto paper towels with circular motion, from outside to center. 4. Wait few minutes then remove towels with forceps.

14. Spills in biological safety cabinet 1. Leave fan on. 2. Cover spilled material with paper towels. 3. Gently pour disinfectant onto paper towels working with circular motion from outside to center. 4. Wait 10-30 minutes, then remove with forceps.