1. Years of Crisis
Chapter 15

2. I. Post-War Uncertainty
After Word War I
Many people were uncertain of the future
Also a time of great invention, creativity and new ideas that transformed society

3. Changes in Science and Literature
Albert Einstein – offered radically different views in the field of physics
Sigmund Freud – new ideas about the mind
Literature
Suffering caused by WWI leads many people to doubt old beliefs
Uneasiness of postwar years
No universal meaning of life

4. Revolution in the Arts Traditional Art Changes
Introduction to cubism and surrealism
Cubism – natural shapes into geometric forms
Surrealism – links dreams with real life
Music
Introduction to Jazz

5. Pablo Picasso – Cubism
“Guernica”
“Three Musicians”

6. Salvador Dali – Surrealism
“Geopoliticus Child”
“The Persistence of Memory”

7. Salvador Dali Painting - Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bumble bee around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening

8. The Role of Women Women’s Rights Movement
Women win the right to vote
US, UK, Germany, and others
Adopt freer clothing and hair styles
“Bobbed” hair
Began to smoke in public
More career opportunities as well
Medicine, education, and journalism

9. Technology Improves Life
The Automobile
Cars improve and become cheaper
Development of suburbs and travel for pleasure
Airplanes
Long-distance air travel available to the rich
Amelia Earhart – first women to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean (1932)
Radio and Movies
Broadcast news, entertainment, etc.
Created a sense of community and collective art

10. Amelia Earhart

11. II. World Wide Depression
Post-war Germany
New government was the Weimar Republic
It was a coalition government
Temporary, multi-party alliance
Had serious weaknesses
Inflation due to reparations
Signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact with France
Pledging no more war

13. The Stock Market Crash Post-war United States
Economy booms in the 1920s
Wealth is distributed unevenly
Factories cut back on production and workers
Farmers produce too much food and cannot pay mortgages
Stocks bought on credit (now illegal)
Investors sell stock – lowers the price
October 29, 1929 – Market collapses as prices fall very low

15. Post-War England & France
Great Britain
Coalition governments
Avoid political extremes
Slow and steady economic recovery
France
Establishes a self-sufficient economy
Preserves democracy despite problems

16. III. Fascism Rises in Europe
What is Fascism?
Describes any authoritarian government that is not communist
Basic Fundamentals of Fascism
Rooted in extreme nationalism
Glorified action, violence, and discipline
Blind loyalty to the state
Glorified warfare as a necessary and noble struggle for survival

17. What is Fascism? (Cont) Fascism can be described as totalitarian rule
Single party dictatorship
State control of the economy
Use of police, spies & terror to enforce the will of the state
Strict censorship & government monopoly of the media
Use of schools & the media to indoctrinate & mobilize citizens
Unquestioning obedience to a single leader

18. Why did it appeal to Italians?
Promised a strong stable government
End to political feuding
Sense of power and confidence at a time of disorder and despair

19. Fascism vs. Communism
Fascists were sworn enemies of socialists and communists
Communists had hopes for international change
Fascists pursued nationalist goals

20. Fascism in Italy
Italy’s democratic government seemed helpless after WWI
Plagued by many problems
Politician Benito Mussolini promised to rescue Italy
Promised strong leadership
King Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in charge in 1922

21. Benito Mussolini

22. Fascism in Italy Mussolini as “Il Duce”
Abolished democracy and political parties
Took control of the economy
Workers were forbidden to strike
Government became a “corporate state”
Fascist Party controlled industry, agriculture & transportation

23. Fascism in Germany German government had many problems
Very weak coalitions
Many small parties
Blamed republic for Versailles Treaty
Inflation was out of control
Great Depression in Germany led to the rise of the National Socialist German Workers' Party
The Nazi Party

24. Ideas of the Nazi Party Stressed the failures of Communism Democracy
Stressed the "racial purity of the German people“
Used the Jews as scapegoats

25. The Nazi Party Adolf Hitler was an excellent organizer and speaker
Allowing him to gain power in the Nazi Party
Allowing him to gain popularity with the German people

26. Rise of the Nazi Party in Germany
Federal election results
Date
Votes
% of vote
Seats in 
Reichstag
Background
May 1924
1,918,300
6.5 32
Hitler in prison
December 1924
907,300
3.0 14
Hitler is released from prison
May 1928
810,100
2.6 12
September 1930
6,409,600
18.3
107
After the financial crisis
July 1932
13,745,800
37.4
230
November 1932
11,737,000
33.1
196
March 1933
17,277,000
43.9
288
After Hitler had become Chancellor

27. Nazi Political Propaganda
"We demand
freedom
and bread"
“The people are voting for list 1,
the Nazis, at the Reichstag election.”

28. The Rise of Hitler
Hitler and the Nazis planned to overthrow the government in 1923
Arrested and put in jail for less than one year
In jail, he wrote “Mein Kampf”
It became a handbook for Nazism
Discussed racial purity
Declared the need for more German “living space”
Lebensraum

29. Hitler Becomes Chancellor
Conservative members of the Nazi Party urged President Paul von Hindenburg to name Hitler chancellor in 1933
Thought they would
be able to “control” him

30. Hitler Becomes Chancellor
Once in power, Hitler quickly established a totalitarian regime
Used the Gestapo – secret police
Use the SS – elite protection squad
Used propaganda

31. Nazi
Propaganda

32. Hitler Achieves Totalitarianism
Hitler gains control by:
Targeting young people
Hitler Youth programs
Numerous speeches
Limits the roles of women
Launched large scale public works programs
Helps the economy
Began to rearm the German military
Controlled all mass media and educational institutions

33. Hitler’s Campaign Against the Jews
Hitler used the Jews as a scapegoat for Germany’s problems
Led to a huge wave of anti-Semitism
Laws were passed to limit Jews rights beginning in 1933

34. Hitler’s Campaign Against the Jews
Kristallnacht – “Night of the Broken Glass”
November 9th, 1938
Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish stores, synagogues, and communities

35. Jewish Emigration in Germany

36. IV. Aggressors Invade Nations
Japanese Aggression
Japan seeks to solve its economic problems thru foreign expansion
Takes over Manchuria, China in 1931
League of Nations protests
Japan withdraws from the League
Japan invades the rest of China in 1937

38. Aggressors Invade Nations
Italian Aggression
Mussolini invades Ethiopia in 1935
Ethiopian Leader Haile Salassie appeals to the League of Nations
League of Nations does not stop aggression

39. Aggressors Invade Nations
Civil War in Spain
General Francisco Franco leads a rebellion in 1936
Receives aid from Hitler and Mussolini
Wins the war in 1939 – becomes Fascist leader
Leads to the massacre at Guernica

40. “Guernica”

41. Aggressors Invade Nations
German Aggression
Hitler plans to expand the Third Reich – German Empire
Hitler begins a series of steps that would lead to war
Built German military against the Versailles Treaty
People of Germany hated the Treaty
The West gave into his demands = appeasement – giving in to demands to keep peace

42. Why Appeasement? Many nations did not want another World War
Many thought Communism was the bigger threat
Great Depression “sapped” energy of western democracies
US neutrality acts; the average American agrees with Isolationism

43. Steps Towards War 1936-German troops in the Rhineland
1936-Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis (Axis Powers)
Agreed to
Fight communism
Not interfere with each other’s expansion
1938-Invasion of Austria
1938-Invasion of Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia
Munich Pact – Hitler promises no further expansion

44. Nazis in the Rhineland

45. Steps Towards War 1939–Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia
1939-Hitler demands port city of Danzig from Poland
1939-The Nazi – Soviet Pact
Hitler & Stalin agree
Not to fight each other
Split up Poland

46. The Beginning of World War II
1939- Germans invade Poland (9/1)
Britain & France declare war on Germany
Promised to protect Poland
World War II Begins

48. THE END