1. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact Assess Nixon’s new approach to the war, and explain why protests continued. Explain what led to the Paris Peace Accords and why South Vietnam eventually fell to the communists. Evaluate the impact of the Vietnam War on the United States. Objectives

2. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact Terms and People Vietnamization − Nixon’s plan for U.S. forces to withdraw and South Vietnam forces to assume more combat duties Kent State University − site of a confrontation between students and National Guardsmen, during which four students were killed My Lai − a village in South Vietnam where U.S. soldiers killed unarmed civilians

3. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact Pentagon Papers − classified government history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam, published by The New York Times in 1971 Paris Peace Accords − a 1973 agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong for a cease-fire and U.S. troop withdrawal from South Vietnam War Powers Act − passed in 1973, this act restricted the President’s war-making powers Terms and People (continued)

4. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact How did the Vietnam War end, and what were its lasting effects? Nixon withdrew American troops from South Vietnam, but the impact of the war endured. Americans reexamined the power of the presidency, the struggle against communism, and America’s overall role in the world.

5. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact President Nixon inherited an unpopular war and increasing troubles on the home front.

6. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact the Vietnamization of the war, which would transfer front- line fighting to the South Vietnamese “peace with honor”: U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam on honorable terms Publicly, Nixon advocated

7. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact ordered the bombing of the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia to reduce the flow of supplies to the Vietcong extended the war with a ground attack by U.S. soldiers on North Vietnamese bases in Cambodia Secretly, Nixon

8. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact At Kent State University in Ohio, four students were shot by National Guardsmen. A similar confrontation at Jackson State University in Mississippi left two students dead. Counterprotests were held by those supporting Nixon and the war efforts. At home, protests escalated.

9. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact In 1971, Americans were stunned to learn about the My Lai massacre. Four years earlier, U.S. soldiers searching for Vietcong in the village of My Lai had killed hundreds of unarmed civilians.

10. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact The publication of the Pentagon Papers further shocked the nation. The report revealed that American leaders had lied to Congress and failed to inform the public fully about the American involvement in Vietnam. Nixon tried to stop publication of the Pentagon Papers, but The New York Times published the report in 1971. Primary reason for fighting not to eliminate communism, but to avoid humiliating defeat.

11. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact The United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong would stop fighting. U.S. troops would withdraw from South Vietnam. North Vietnamese troops would remain in South Vietnam. South Vietnam’s noncommunist government would remain in power. In January 1973, the war finally ended with the signing of the Paris Peace Accords.

12. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact During this time period, the Khmer Rouge took control of Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge was a communist guerrilla group that gained control of Cambodia and forced the people to adopt communism and to live in camps. In the process, it is estimated that between 1 million and 2 million Cambodians were killed by the Khmer Rouge

13. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact For the United States, the war was over, but fighting continued in Vietnam despite the peace agreement. In the spring of 1975, North Vietnam invaded Saigon and won the war.

14. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact For the United States, the war was over, but fighting continued in Vietnam despite the peace agreement. In the spring of 1975, North Vietnam invaded Saigon and won the war.

15. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact After the Vietnam war ended, many people fled the country in 1978 and 1979 by ship. These people were given the name boat people. (Additionally, people who fled Cambodia and Laos at the time in the same way are considered boat people) Freedoms of South Vietnamese were limited in the new, unified nation. After the Vietnam War ended, Vietnam went to war with Kampuchea (Cambodia), and fought the Chinese.

16. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact More than 58,000 Americans died in Vietnam. It would be years before Vietnam veterans were acknowledged for their sacrifices. The war undermined Americans’ trust in their leaders. Americans became reluctant to intervene in other nations’ affairs. The Vietnam War had a lasting effect on American life.

17. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact Congress passed the War Powers Act in 1973. The act restricted the President’s ability to send the nation to war.

18. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 4 The War’s End and Impact Section Review Know It, Show It Quiz QuickTake Quiz