1. Piloting Course (Inland Navigation) Chapter 8 Review SEO – Dave West dwest@voyager.net - 651-429-3840 Instructor – Art Mollica artmollica@usfamily.net - 651-777-0277 United States Power Squadrons ®

2. Slide 2 Any questions on homework from Chapter 7? 1.You discover your GPS data is not correct. You are in open water away from immediate danger. You find the batteries in your backup unit are dead. Next you try to: (d) take bearings on visible marks and plot on your chart. SG-Ch 7, ¶ 4 2.Upon GPS failure, in addition to compass bearings to determine location, there are several alternatives to be considered. Which of the following are NOT recommended? (d) radio authorities to confirm location. WN-Ch 12, pg 146 3.Depth can often be used to confirm your location by: (a) comparing the depth with that charted for your assumed location. WN-Ch 12, pg 147 4.Dead Reckoning allows you to determine your likely location by: (b) calculations using 60D=ST with direction from your last known fix. SG-Ch 7, ¶ 6 5.Your GPS has failed. After your likely position is determined, your next action should be (d) review any hazards along the route to your next waypoint. WN-Ch 12, pg 147

3. Slide 3 Any questions on homework from Chapter 7? Answer the next two questions using the figures below. 6.When labeling a chart for a Fix the proper symbol to use is: (d) 4 SG-Ch 3, fig 3-1 7.When labeling a chart for a Dead Reckoning position the proper symbol to use is: (c) 3 SG-Ch 3, ¶ 8 8.A reasonable estimate of heading accuracy (including compass accuracy, ability to read the compass, sea action on the boat and helmsmanship) is: (b) +/- 5 º SG-Ch 4, ¶ 30 9.When using Dead Reckoning, it is a good idea to occasionally plot your position using bearings, because of: (d) cumulative error and external forces. WN-Ch 2, pg 15 (1) (2) (3) (4)

4. Slide 4 Cruise Part IV #13 PCR02 PCFLR6 BBG07 BBG05 BBG09 BFCRW C 241M S 30.0 BBG03 1634 Visual Lts in line 199M 1642 C M = 081 W -15W T = 066 12a T = 184 V +15W M = 199 C 081M S 20.0 D 11.7 D 3.9 D 0.9 BFCG03 BFCG01 C 229M S 5.0 1300 Visual C 023M S 20.0 1642 Visual 1653 Visual 13,You arrive at G “7” Fl G 4s at 1634 and increase your speed to 30kn. You arrive at G C “1” at 1642 and slow down to 5.0kn. You arrive at G C “3” at 1653 and drop off your son at 1715, he takes the GPS with him. You return to G C “1”. You plan to spend the evening at Perkins Cove with friends at a cookout. The most logical plan would be to go to R N “2” near the breakwater at Perkins Cove. However, the sunset will be at 1821 and the entrance to the cove could be dangerous in darkness. Looking over your chart you recognize the 40’ abandoned lighthouse which you know is illuminated to the west of Perkins Cove. Using the tower and the Fl R 6s 24ft 5M “4” beacon as a range would lead you right to the entrance of the cove. To avoid the breakwater you lay a course of 081ºM for G “3” Q G and plot the range. Your speed will be 20kn. a. What is the bearing of the range? 199ºM

5. Slide 5 Cruise Part IV #14 PCR02 PCFLR6 1316 C 070M S 25.0 BBG05 BBG09 BFCRW BFCG03 BFCG01 XTE 0.4L C 241M S 30.0 C 229M S 5.0 1300 Visual C 023M S 20.0 BBG03 1642 Visual 1653 Visual Lts in line 199M C 081M S 20.0 1816 Brg M = 312 227 V -15W T = 297 212 1816 DR 1816 – 1802 = 14 D = TS / 60 D = 14 x 20 / 60 D = 280 / 60 D = 4.67 = 4.7nm 1816 312M 1816 227M 1816 14,You leave G C “1” at 1802 and proceed as planned. At 1816 you decide to monitor your progress to G “3” Q G. With your handbearing compass you take a bearing on the CHIMNEY to the west of Haven Bluff. The bearing is 227ºM. At the same time you take a bearing on G “7” Fl G 4s to your northwest. The bearing is 312ºM. The FIX indicates you’re right on course and coincides with your DR plot. a. What is the ETA of the intersection of the course and range? 1833 b. What is the position of the intersection of the course and range? L 41º 38.7’N Lo 71º 41.7’W D 11.7 D 3.9 D 0.9 1802 Visual 12a T = 60D/S T = 60x5.7/20 T = 17 ETA = 1833 1634 Visual BBG07 C 049M 1802 Visual

6. Slide 6 Cruise Part IV #15 1845 C M = 168 V -15W T = 153 1903 C M = 140 V -15W T = 125 1914 Distance 1914 – 1903 = 11 D = TS / 60 D = 11 x 5 / 60 D = 55 / 60 D = 0.91 = 0.9nm 15,You pick up the range you developed at 1831 and change your course to 199ºM and follow the range to the entrance of Perkins Cove. You change speed to 10kn. At 1845 you are between R N “2” and G C “1” and you change course to 168ºM and slow down to 5.0kn and continue to G C “7”. You arrive close aboard G C “7” at 1903. Again you change course to 140ºM and arrive close aboard the dock at 1914. What a great day of fishing and navigation. a. Why can’t you head directly for the dock from G C “7”? Rocks off point in back of dock b. What publication would you look at to determine the time of sunset when you were planning the cruise? Daily newspaper or www.sunrisesunset.com c. If you had the GPS, what could you do differently? Identify R N “2” off Perkins Cove as a waypoint PCR02 PCFLR6 Lts in line 199M C 199M S 10.0 1845 C 168M S 5.0 1903 Visual 1914 Visual C 140M S 5.0 1831

7. Slide 7 Piloting Review What areas/topics do you want reviewed?

8. Slide 8 Common reasons for low scores  Not showing work  Not showing TVM calculations  Lack of knowledge of how to plot  Not plotting DRs, especially when bearings are taken

9. Slide 9 How to pass the Final Exam READ THROUGH THE ENTIRE EXAM BEFORE YOU BEGIN TO PLOT AND FOLLOW ALL INSTRUCTIONS! Show all Work!  USPS wants to see that you know how to get the answer, not just that you got it  Explicit requirement in exam instructions  Most common source of lost points Correct formula, wrong answer, part credit  In general, show –Formula –Formula with numbers plugged in: –Answer

10. Slide 10 Showing work for Time-Speed-Distance Preliminary work: 0943 – 0810 = 93 min Example 1: You depart at 0810 at a speed of 4.0 kts, how far have you traveled at 0943? Formula:D = S T / 60 Formula with raw numbers plugged in:D = 4.0 x 93 / 60 Answer:D = 6.2 Show all the yellow information above in your exam booklet

11. Slide 11 Showing work for Time-Speed-Distance Example 2: You depart at 0820 and travel 3.9 miles at 4.0 kts, what is your ETA? Formula:T = 60 D / S Formula with raw numbers plugged in:T = 60 x 3.9 / 4.0 Answer:T = 58.9 = 59 Post work:ETA = 0820 + 59 = 0919 Show all the yellow information above in your exam booklet

12. Slide 12 Showing work for TVM FormulaAnswer TB V MB 240T 15W 255M Example 3: With your hand bearing compass, you measure a bearing to the lighthouse of 255 degrees, plot and label it Show all the yellow information above in your exam booklet

13. Slide 13 Measure directions in True, use TVM  You will lose credit if TVM calculations not shown – measure in true (explicit requirement in exam instructions) and do (and show!) TVM calculations  If you wish, you can measure against magnetic rose to check

14. Slide 14 Plotting and Labeling  Be sure to follow the plotting and labeling standards in your text on the USPS web site  If uncertain, review the cruise plot  Don’t forget to plot DRs when doing DR navigation!! At every “navigational event”  Change of course  Change of speed  Taking a bearing  Getting a FIX Not needed if within a qualified path using GPS

15. Slide 15 Plotting and Labeling (con’t)  Remember Fix times are horizontal DR times are If fix is not by bearings, you must show source  For example, 1018 GPS  When measuring longitude, don’t forget that it increases from right to left in the western hemisphere (ie, Bowditch Bay)  Don’t show ETAs on plot Not part of the Plotting and Labeling Standard Just put required ETAs (and supporting calculations!) in answer book on a diagonal

16. Slide 16 Miscellaneous  THINK – does your answer make sense??  Try to use alternate methods to check your work. For example, use the magnetic rose to check your TVM calculations.  Use the Coastal Explorer Viewer to check your course.  Be careful, be neat. If an exam grader can’t figure out your work (especially your plot) he/she can’t give it an accurate grade!

17. Slide 17 Sample Questions 1. At 0810 you start on a course from RG “D” buoy to the N “2” entrance buoy to Perkins Cove at a speed of 5.0kn. What is your course? a. 146 º M b. 157 º M c. 167 º M d. 174 º M 2. What is the latitude of your 0910 DR position? a. 41 º 35.9’N b. 41 º 36.4’N c. 41 º 38.6’N d. 41 º 39.9’N Your chart work must support your answer and you must show your calculations T - 152 V - +15W M - 167 T - 152 V - +15W M - 167 T = 0910 – 0810 = 60min D = (S/T) / 60 D = (5.0 x 60) / 60 D = 5.0 T = 0910 – 0810 = 60min D = (S/T) / 60 D = (5.0 x 60) / 60 D = 5.0 If you don’t come within 1 º of course refigure your answer. If you don’t come within 0.1’ of position remeasure your answer.

18. Slide 18 Give yourself enough time Final exam takes most students eight to twelve hours to complete Don’t start the night before it’s due! Piloting

19. Slide 19 Good Luck! “Luck can be defined as the intersection of preparation and opportunity” You are prepared… You now have opportunity Exams must be returned to Dave West by Friday, 23 March