2. Navigation
Navigation is the science of directing the movements of a vessel from one place to another in a safe and efficient manner.
In this course we will deal only with that part of navigation known as piloting and dead reckoning. Most advanced forms of navigation, including electronic and celestial methods, are based on the principles of piloting.

3. In This Lesson Types Of Navigation Terms To Know Charts and Symbols
Position by Latitude and Longitude
Plotting Course
Measuring Distance
Triangulation of Position
Determining Speed, Time Or Distance

4. Types of Navigation Dead reckoning (DR) Piloting Celestial navigation
Determines position by advancing a known position for courses and distances.
Piloting
Involves navigating in restricted waters with frequent determination of position relative to geographic and hydrographical features.
Celestial navigation
involves reducing celestial measurements to lines of position using tables, spherical trigonometry, and almanacs.
Radio navigation
Uses radio waves to determine position by either radio direction finding systems
Radar navigation
uses radar to determine the distance from or bearing of objects whose position is known.
Satellite navigation
Uses artificial earth satellites for determination of position.

5. Terms To Know
Speed (S) is rate of motion, or distance per unit of time.
Knot (kn.), the unit of speed commonly used in navigation,is a rate of 1 nautical mile per hour. The expression
Speed of Advance (SOA) is used to indicate the speed to be made along the intended track.
Speed over the ground (SOG) is the actual speed of the vessel over the surface of the earth at any given time.
Course (C, Cn) is the horizontal direction in which a vessel is steered or intended to be steered, expressed as angular distance from north clockwise through 360°.
Heading (Hdg., SH) is the direction in which a vessel is pointed, expressed as angular distance from 000° clockwise through 360°.
Direction is the position of one point relative to another.
Track (TR) is the intended horizontal direction of travel with respect to the earth.
Coordinates, termed latitude and longitude, can define any position on earth.

6. Label This Diagram In Your Notes

7. Charts and Symbols

8. Charts are graphic representations of areas of the earth for use in marine or air navigation. Nautical charts depict features of particular interest to the marine navigator.
A nautical chart represents part of the spherical earth on a plane surface. It shows water depth, the shoreline of adjacent land, topographic features, aids to navigation, and other navigational information.
It is a work area on which the navigator plots courses, ascertains positions, and views the relationship of the ship to the surrounding area. It assists the navigator in avoiding dangers and arriving safely at his destination.

9. Latitude and Longitude
To precisely locate points on the earth's surface, degrees longitude and latitude have been divided into minutes (') and seconds (").
For example, the U.S. Capitol is located at 38°53'23"N , 77°00'27"W
Determining Latitude and longitude Is a lot like playing a game of Battleship. By finding the horizontal and vertical axis on the grid.
Very Precise, Not necessary for any of our work
074° 053’ 023 N 077° 021’ 055’ W

10. 042° N
070 ° W
070°
042°

11. Practice
X = 072° 018’ 000’ N 042° 031’ 000’ W
N = 072° 019’ 000’ N 042° 043’ 000 W
O = 072° 019’ 000’ N 042° 033’ 000 W
Using your chart of Manchester (KAPP 2073) Determine the Coordinates for:
1)West Manchester
2)The Observation Tower at Smith Point
042 ° 034’ 000’ N 070° 047’ 000’ W
042 ° 033’ 670’ N 070° 046’ 417’ W

12. Bouys and Markers
Observation Towers
Building
Depth
Boundary Lines
Compass Rose

13. Practice Identify the following features Markers and Bouys Buildings
Depth Markings
Boundaries

14. Plotting a Course

15. Plotting is drawing a vessels course on a chart
Plotting is drawing a vessels course on a chart. The tools to do this vary with the size of the vessel and the amount of charting space available.
Dead reckoning determines position by advancing a known position for courses and distances

16. Direction on a chart is measured from 000° to 360° in a clockwise direction from true north. (True north is the direction to the geographic north pole.)

17. Labelling a Course Direction
A course plotted on a chart is of little value when navigating unless you label its direction on the course line. Then the skipper need only refer to the chart for the course directions previously plotted. It is important to follow closely a standard method of labelling course lines. Do so, and anyone with basic skills can pick up your chart and understand and continue the work you’ve begun.
The basic rule is: Label a course line for direction on and above the line, as near as practicable to the start of the course.

18. A course label always starts with the letter “C” for “Course
A course label always starts with the letter “C” for “Course.” Always use three digits to the nearest whole degree, for example 005, 015, or 150.
The degree sign is not used when labelling course, C instead is used.

20. C 224
090
270
180
000
080
070
060
050
040
030
020
010
260
250
240
230
220
210
209
190
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
200

21. Practice Using your Manchester Harbour Chart C 326
Plot a course between these 3 waypoints
C 326
C 057

22. Distance
Measuring Distance

23. The Scale

24. 200
200 +
200
= 400

25. Practice 0.42 Nm Approx 850 Yards Using your Manchester Harbour Chart
Measure the distance of the course you made prior
C 326
C 057
0.42 Nm Approx
850 Yards

26. Triangulation

27. Triangulation is determining your position by knowing the bearings of 3 objects in view and on the chart.
To Triangulate you would need a compass, Azimuths ring or some other way to take bearings off your ship.
If you look out from your boat and see the 1 Bouy right ahead of you, you know you are somewhere on that red line
Looking directly to your left you see the river opening.
You are at the intersection

28. 178° ? ? ?
90°
147°

29. Practice
Using your Manchester Harbour Chart Practice Triangulation If:
The building at Gales Pt is 129° to you
The building on the point near Black Cove is 353 ° to you
The red bouy off glass head is 075 ° to you
C 326

30. Calculations Distance = S x T 60 Speed = 60 x D T Time = 60 x D S
(distance traveled) 60
Speed = 60 x D
(average actual speed) T
Time = 60 x D
(elapsed time) S

31. Activity
Using Chart 3441

32. Your vessel is anchored at 48°41 N 123°29 2 W
Set a course for a point 0.5Nm E of Patey Rock

33. Once in position change direction and make a new course of 068° towards Chad Island
Follow this course for exactly 3Nm

34. Make a starboard turn and set a course for a point located exactly between U14 and U12
Record the depth at this position (39m)

35. Set a course for Imrie Island and record this in the ships log (108°)
Approximately .3Nm N 1.4 Nm E from Imrie Island lies Pt Fairfax
Anchor your vessel 100m E of FI(3)
Log your depth at this position

36. Log the distance you have dragged anchor (1.7Nm approx)
After finishing lunch you go up to fix your position and find you have moved. You determine that
Turn Point is located at 146° relative to your position
FI(3) at Pt. FairFax is 226° relative to your position
Log your new position and depth in the ships log (123° 016 W 048° N)
Log the distance you have dragged anchor (1.7Nm approx)

37. Make a course of 172° for 3.2Nm
You spot a flare 122° from your position, roughly 3Nm out (danger shore 3.2Nm at 122°) Report this to the CG on VHF 16 and standby
AUDIO message (CG located at sidney island) determine time to respond and log it