2. Sustainable Resources 11/12 Forestry Unit Introduction to Trees Structure and Function of Plants

3. Botany Botany: is the science of plants Botany: is the science of plants

4. Plants have the following characteristics: 1. cell wall 1. cell wall 2. photosynthesize (breath in CO 2, breathe out O 2, make their own food – sugar) 2. photosynthesize (breath in CO 2, breathe out O 2, make their own food – sugar) 6CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy  6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 6CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy  6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6

5. Introduction to Trees Trees: are perennial woody plants with apical dominance. Apical dominance: a single main stem (trunk) that is dominant over all other stems.

6. Trees are Vascular Vascular : vascular tissue is complex, formed of more than one type of cell. The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. vascular tissue is complex, formed of more than one type of cell. The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. xylemphloem xylemphloem Vascular plants tend to be tall Vascular plants tend to be tall Types include : a) cone bearing (gymnosperms = evergreens) b) flower bearing (angiosperms)

7. Seed-Bearing Plants 1. Gymnosperms : conifers or cone-bearing evergreens.

8. 2. Angiosperms : Flowering plants, enclosed seeds.

9. Trees 1. Conifers : Are cone-bearing woody trees with vascular tissue. Are cone-bearing woody trees with vascular tissue. Evergreen plants with needle-like leaves. Evergreen plants with needle-like leaves. Dominate the boreal forest making them the largest carbon sink (a natural reservoir for the storage of carbon). Dominate the boreal forest making them the largest carbon sink (a natural reservoir for the storage of carbon).

10. Examples of Conifers A: Pine Trees

11. B: Cedar

12. C: Douglas Fir

13. D: Hemlock

14. 2. Deciduous trees: ‘falling off or tending to fall off’; these trees have true leaves that fall off during the colder and shorter days of the year ‘falling off or tending to fall off’; these trees have true leaves that fall off during the colder and shorter days of the year Trees lose their leaves to conserve water and prevent against insect damage. Trees lose their leaves to conserve water and prevent against insect damage.

15. Examples of Deciduous Trees A: Maple tree

16. B: Fruit Trees

17. C: Alder Trees

18. D: Birch Tree

19. E: Willow Tree

20. Plant Parts 1. Vascular tissues 2. Leaves 3. Stems 4. Roots 5. Flowers 6. Cones

21. Stem roots Major Organs of Plants Leaves Flower Fruit/Seed

22. 1. Vascular Tissue Leaves, flowers, stems and roots are all interconnected with a phloem-xylem network. Leaves, flowers, stems and roots are all interconnected with a phloem-xylem network. Xylem: mainly water and nutrients from roots. Xylem: mainly water and nutrients from roots. “Xy” to the sky “Xy” to the sky Phloem” mainly sugar and water from leaves Phloem” mainly sugar and water from leaves

23. Xylem and Phloem

24. 2. Leaves Purpose: where photosynthesis occurs (actually inside little, green organelles called ). Purpose: where photosynthesis occurs (actually inside little, green organelles called chloroplasts ).

26. Cuticle (waxy layer): keeps water in so leaf doesn’t dry out. Cuticle (waxy layer): keeps water in so leaf doesn’t dry out. Epidermis: protection and strength Epidermis: protection and strength Guard cells = Stomata: air exchange and control of water loss (“doors” that open when there is lots of water, close when not). Guard cells = Stomata: air exchange and control of water loss (“doors” that open when there is lots of water, close when not). Palisade Layer: contains chloroplasts to do Palisade Layer: contains chloroplasts to do Spongy Layer: also contains Spongy Layer: also contains Loose packing of mesophyll (middle) cells facilitates gas exchange Loose packing of mesophyll (middle) cells facilitates gas exchange chloroplasts; photosynthesis

27. Conifer Leaves The leaves of many conifers are long, thin and have a needle-like appearance. The leaves of many conifers are long, thin and have a needle-like appearance. Some have flat, Some have flat, triangular scale-like triangular scale-like leaves. leaves.

28. 3. Stems Functions: Functions: 1. support leaves 1. support leaves 2. movement of materials* 2. movement of materials* 3. gas exchange and some photosynthesis (green stems) 3. gas exchange and some photosynthesis (green stems) xylem phloem

29. *Water moves up stems because of “transpiration”. Transpiration: water loss from the plant through the stomata. Transpiration: water loss from the plant through the stomata. Water molecules are held together by a cohesive force known as hydrogen bonding. This is an attractive force that holds water molecules close together, thus when transpiration occurs water is pulled up the stem. Water molecules are held together by a cohesive force known as hydrogen bonding. This is an attractive force that holds water molecules close together, thus when transpiration occurs water is pulled up the stem.

30. Fact! Giant redwoods have been measured around the trunk and they actually have a smaller diameter on hot summer days when lots of water is drawn up. Giant redwoods have been measured around the trunk and they actually have a smaller diameter on hot summer days when lots of water is drawn up.

31. Types of Stems: Types of Stems: A. “Herbaceous” (soft and green): i) Monocot: bundles of xylem and phloem are scattered throughout the stem. No vascular cambium (cambium layer of cells that produce vascular tissues), therefore diameter is fixed (stem is long and thin) No vascular cambium (cambium layer of cells that produce vascular tissues), therefore diameter is fixed (stem is long and thin)

32. Epidermis Cuticle (waxy): prevent water loss Cortex: some photosynthesis Pith: food storage Vascular bundle xylem phloem Monocot

33. Epidermis Cuticle (waxy): prevent water loss Cortex: some photosynthesis Pith: food storage Vascular bundle xylem phloem ii) Dicot: vascular bundles arranged in a circle Vascular cambium: reproduces X & P tissue

34. B. “Woody Dicot” (hard, long-lived) i.e. trees. Vascular cambium: meristematic = produces X & P tissue Sapwood : outer (living) Heartwood : inner (dead) wood = xylem pith Inner bark = phloem Outer bark = cork (dead): contains suberin, waterproof Ray: transport system between phloem and xylem from bark

35. Functions of Woody Dicot Stuctures Vascular Cambium: meristematic tissue, here new xylem and phloem are produced. Vascular Cambium: meristematic tissue, here new xylem and phloem are produced. Sapwood: Sapwood: The wood that is formed first. Sapwood is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves (xylem). The wood that is formed first. Sapwood is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves (xylem).

36. Functions of Woody Dicot Stuctures Heartwood: Dead wood located in the center of the tree. Heartwood: Dead wood located in the center of the tree. Here it is the darker wood. Here it is the darker wood.

37. Functions of Woody Dicot Stuctures Inner Bark: part of the periderm (epidermal meristem) consists of phloem. Inner Bark: part of the periderm (epidermal meristem) consists of phloem. Outer Bark: Part of the outer most periderm, dead waterproof bark. Outer Bark: Part of the outer most periderm, dead waterproof bark. Pith: center of the stem, trunk or branch. Pith: center of the stem, trunk or branch.

38. 4. Roots Functions: Functions: Support the plant and anchor it in the soil Support the plant and anchor it in the soil Uptake of nutrients and water Uptake of nutrients and water Storage of food Storage of food

39. 5. Flowers part of plant which is specialized for sexual reproduction. part of plant which is specialized for sexual reproduction.

40. 6. Cones Reproductive structure in a conifer. Reproductive structure in a conifer.

41. Assignment /30 marks Create a vocabulary list for all of the words that you have learned during this lesson. Lots of these words are from the Greenhouse Unit, put a star beside words that appear in both the Greenhouse Unit and the Forestry Unit. You will have a Vocabulary Test in a few days. In order to write the vocabulary test you must do a vocabulary list separate than the notes. I will be looking for both. Create a vocabulary list for all of the words that you have learned during this lesson. Lots of these words are from the Greenhouse Unit, put a star beside words that appear in both the Greenhouse Unit and the Forestry Unit. You will have a Vocabulary Test in a few days. In order to write the vocabulary test you must do a vocabulary list separate than the notes. I will be looking for both.