2. American Foreign Policy: 1935-1941

3. FDR’s “I hate war” Speech (1936)

4. Ludlow Amendment (1938) -A proposed amendment to the Constitution that called for a national referendum on any declaration of war by Congress. -Introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow. -Never actually passed. Congressman Louis Ludlow [D-IN]

5. Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937 -When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect: Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations. Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations. Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I]. Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and- carry” basis  pay when goods are picked up. Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War. -This limited the options of the President in a crisis. -America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!

6. US Neutrality

7. Panay Incident (1937) -December 12, 1937. -Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River. -The river was an international waterway. -Japan was testing US resolve! -Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks. -Most Americans were satisfied with the apology. -Results  Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for further aggression against US interests.

8. Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) The American “Lincoln Brigade”

9. Fascist Aggression 1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty & the League of Nations [re-arming!] Mussolini attacks Ethiopia. 1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland. Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain. 1938: Austrian Anschluss. Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Munich Agreement  APPEASEMENT! 1939: German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia. Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact. September 1, 1939: German troops march into Poland  blitzkrieg  WW II begins!!!

10. 1939 Neutrality Act -In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland. -FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way: The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis. FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter. -Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act: Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions. The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession. -America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

11. US Assistance Roosevelt provided aid to the Allies: Lend-Lease - 1941 US “lent” war materials to cash-strapped Great Britain London Firefighter Tackles an Air Raid Blaze Atlantic Charter US secretly meets with England to commit to defeating Germany

12. “America First” Committee Charles Lindbergh

13. “Lend-Lease” Act (1941) Great Britain.........................$31 billion Soviet Union...........................$11 billion France......................................$ 3 billion China.......................................$1.5 billion Other European.................$500 million South America...................$400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

14. Pearl Harbor

15. Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Plane

16. A date which will live in infamy! Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 1941

17. USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor

18. FDR Signs the War Declaration

19. 2,887 Americans Dead! Pearl Harbor Memorial

20. Who? Allies Axis Great Britain France (note: France surrendered to Germany in 1940 (after 6 weeks of fighting) United States Russia Germany Italy Japan (major powers)

21. When? 1939 Sept.1 - Germany invades Poland (official start to the war ) Sept. 3 - Britain & France declare war on Germany Dec. 7 – Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the War 1941 May - Germans Surrender Sept. - Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki, Japanese Surrender 1945 1939-1945 US involvement 1941-1945

22. Major Leaders Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Benito Mussolini Italy

23. Major Leaders Hideki Tojo Japanese Prime Minister Winston Churchill British Prime Minister

24. Major Leaders Franklin Delano Roosevelt US President Joseph Stalin Russian Leader

25. Why? ( underlying causes of WWII) Treaty of Versailles Germany lost land to surrounding nations War Reparations 1) Allies collect $ to pay back war debts to U.S. 2) Germany must pay $57 trillion (modern equivalent) 3) Bankrupted the German economy & embarrassed Germans Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson during negotiations for the Treaty

26. Why? (underlying causes of WWII) World-wide Depression A. The Depression made Germany’s debt even worse B. Desperate people turn to desperate leaders 1) Hitler seemed to provide solutions to Germany’s problems 1923 - Wallpapering with German Deutchmarks

27. Why? ( underlying causes of WWII ) World-wide Depression Hitler provided scapegoats for Germany’s problems (foreigners, Jews, communists, Roma (Gypsies), mentally ill, homosexuals) Kristallnacht - vandalism & destruction of Jewish property & synagogues

28. Why? Rise of Totalitarian Regimes In a Totalitarian country, individual rights are not viewed as important as the needs of the nation Totalitarianism Communist Dictatorship (USSR) Fascist Dictatorship (Germany, Italy) Military Dictatorship (Japan) Fascism: military government with based on racism & nationalism with strong support from the business community

29. Why? Isolationism of Major Powers A. Why was the U.S. Isolationist? 1. Great Depression (problems at home) 2. Perceptions of WWI a. WWI did not seem to solve much b. People began to think that we’d got into WWI for the wrong reasons (greedy American businessmen!)

30. Why? Isolationism of Major Powers Opposition to war (Pacifism) Kellogg-Briand pact - condemned war as a way to solving conflicts August 28, 1928, by the US, France, UK, Italy, Japan, Germany and a number of other countries

31. Why? Isolationism of Major Powers This led to policies of “Appeasement” 1. Appeasement: give dictators what they want and hope that they won’t want anything else 2. Begins with Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Italian invasion of Ethiopia, and continues with Hitler...

32. So What Was Hitler Asking For? Return of German Speaking Lands - “Lebensraum” Austria - Peacefully Annexed in 1938 German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939

33. So What Was Hitler Asking For? Return of German Speaking Lands - “Lebensraum” Sudentenland - (now part of Czech Republic) Munich Conference - Great Britain & France give to Hitler in return for peace Hitler then invades the rest of Czechoslovakia German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939

34. So What Was Hitler Asking For? Return of German Speaking Lands Nonaggression Pact Russia stays out of the war in return for 1/2 of Poland Hitler's triumphal entry into Danzig, Poland 1939 Great Britain & France finally declare war on Germany

35. How Did Hitler Make War? Blitzkrieg “Lightning War” In the next year, Hitler invades: Denmark Norway The Netherlands, France Hitler in Paris

36. Pacific Theater of Operations

37. Meanwhile … in the Pacific Pearl Harbor: “a date which will live in infamy” USS Arizona Sinking in Pearl Harbor What? Surprise attack by the Japanese on American forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Effect? US declares war on Japan & other Axis powers

38. “Tokyo Rose” American servicemen in the Pacific often listened to the propaganda broadcasts to get a sense, by reading between the lines, of the effect of their military actions

39. Paying for the War

42. War Costs US Debt 1940 - $9 billion US Debt 1945 - $98 billion The war cost $330 billion -- 10 times the cost of WWI & as much as all previous federal spending since 1776

43. Quick Facts Human Costs

44. Quick Facts Human Costs 50 million people died (compared to 15 million in WWI) 21.3 million Russians (7.7 million civilians) 11 million died as a result of the HOLOCAUST (6 million Jews + 5 million others)

45. World War II Carnage Abroad and Changes At Home, 1941-1945

46. Relative manpower mobilized by the warring nations:

48. Map of the War in the Pacific Map of Europe

51. The Second World War 1939-1945

55. Map of ALL things.....

56. U. S. Entry into War Response to Japanese gamble that it could effect the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and U. S. wouldn’t effectively challenge U. S. war in Europe resulted from Hitler’s declaration of War on U. S. on Dec. 11, following U. S. declaration of War on Japan on Dec. 8.

57. World War II Transforming event at home and abroad U. S. had to mobilize society and economy at unprecedented levels War shape experiences of a generation and had particular impacts on Women, African-Americans, Mexicanos, and Japanese-Americans. U. S. military strategy in war: Europe first, then Japan.

58. Holding Action in Pacific Pacific had become a Japanese lake by Spring ’42, with the fall of the Philippines. U. S. victories at Coral Sea (May 7-8, 1942), Midway (June 4-5, 1942), and Guadalcanal (August 7, 1942-February 21, 1943) arrested Japanese expansion, and crippled their naval airpower This permits U. S. to focus on Europe

59. The War at Home War Production Board managed conversion from civilian to military production OSRAD—created the bazooka, techniques to isolate blood plasma OPA—ration coupons and price ceilings Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes Act allowed government to seize plants useful to war when there were strikes War inflated national debt by 6x, but 45% of total war costs were paid with tax revenues

61. Your Number Was Called!

62. Marine Corps Motor Pool

63. Servicing U. S. Bombers

64. USO Canteen

65. The Andrew Sisters Singing “Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy”

66. Betty Grable: Allied Pinup Girl She Reminded Men What They Were Fighting For

67. Fighting the Enemy on the Battlefield & on the Home Front

69. Working on the Assembly Line

70. “Rosie, the Riveter”

71. Fix that Engine!

72. Join the Women’s Army Corps

73. Women’s Army Air Corps Pilots

74. We Need Nurses Badly

75. Female War Photographer

76. Do Your Bit!

77. Buy, Buy, Buy, Buy a Bond: It Will Lead to VICTORY!

78. Get Your Ration Cards

79. S..t..r..e..t..c..h That Food!

80. No New Dresses for a While

81. On the Road Looking for Work

82. Segregated Units

83. Japanese-American Boy Scout Troop in an Internment Camp

84. Navaho “Code Talkers”

85. 7 Future American Presidents Views of the World Were Formed by Their Service in World War II

86. Abbott & Costello: “Buck Privates”

87. Hollywood Pitches In

88. He’s the Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy of Company B

89. Bob Hope in the South Pacific

90. Thanks, for the Memories!

91. War Transforms a Nation Western states experience population boom due to war industries Women serve in military (over 200,000) and 6 million worked in war related industries. Executive Order 8802 provides non-discrimination in Defense hiring for African Americans Military remained racially-segregated: Tuskegee Airmen defy stereo-types, but race riots occurred around bases where large numbers of African Americans were stationed.

92. War Transforms a Nation Bracero program brought 200,000 Mexican laborers to U. S. 17 Mexicanos win CMH 1943 Zoot Suit Riots 33% of eligible Native Americans Serve in War— many as “Code Talkers” Executive Order 9066—Japanese Americans interned: affirmed by Supreme Court in Korematsu v. U. S.

93. Zoot Suit rioters: Why didn’t they arrest the white boys?

94. You pay for who your parents are.

95. War Transforms a Nation Rural people flock to cities and many acquire useful skills for the post war economy Service Personnel eligible for benefits under Serviceman’s Readjustment Act (G. I. Bill)—loans to start small businesses and $ to go to college. Origin of Middle Class norm in U. S.

96. War in Europe Operation Torch (November 1943) US/British Invasion of No. Africa Casablanca Conference (1943)—unconditional surrender of Axis Battle of Atlantic (’39-43)—won by U. S. in 1943 – longest naval engagement…included over 100 battles Sicily invaded on July 10, 1943 September 1944, Italy mainland invaded Anzio landings on January 22, 1944 Rome fell on June 4, 1944

97. Operation Overlord and After Teheran Conference—Cross-channel invasion June 6, 1944—landings in Normandy (5,000 U. S. casualties on Day One) Paris fell August 25, 1944 Battle of the Bulge, Dec. 16, 1944—January 26, 1945 March 7, 1945, Bridge at Remagen seized May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered

98. Ike with Paratroopers

99. What the Allies found in the 3 rd Reich

100. Mt. Suribachi, Iwo Jima

101. War in the Pacific Island Hopping and Leapfrogging January 1943, New Guinea Invaded Tarawa invaded, Nov. 20, 1943 (Central Pacific) Marianas secured on June 19, 20, 1944 (Guam…allows for US to attack Japan without refueling) Battle of Leyte Gulf, October 25, 1944 (1 st. use of Kamikazes) Iwo Jima, February 19, 1945 (total loss for Japan 20,000) Okinawa, April 1, 1945 (Amphibious warfare -82 days, 12,000 Allied KIA – 95,000 Japanese KIA)

102. War in the Pacific U. S. plans to invade Japan: Operations Coronet and Olympic, but war casualties rise Firebombing raids on Tokyo, March 1945 Decision to use Atomic Bomb August 6, 1945—Hiroshima; August 9, 1945, Nagasaki Japanese sue for peace on August 14, 1945 Formal Surrender on U. S. Missouri, September 2, 1945.

103. The Beginning of the Nuclear Age

105. Hiroshima: courtesy RW & B

106. It’s Finally Over!!!!!

107. Ongoing Controversies Did FDR know about Pear Harbor in advance? Could U. S. have done something to liberate death camps sooner? Did the U. S. really need to nuke Japan? pictures More images

108. Balance Sheet Monetarily, in 1940 dollars, the estimated cost was $288 Billion. In 2007 dollars this would amount to approximately $5 Trillion. Effects of the war on the U.S. economy: –it decisively ended the depression –created a booming economic windfall. –The US became the world leader in manufacturing, technology, industry and agriculture.

109. Civilian Employment and Unemployment during World War II (Numbers in thousands) 194019411942194319441945 Civilians99,84099,90098,64094,64093,22094,090 Civilian Labor Force Total55,64055,91056,41055,54054,63053,860 % of Population55.7%56%57.2%58.7%58.6%57.2% EmployedTotal47,52050,35053,75054,47053,96052,820 % of Population47.6%50.4%54.5%57.6%57.9%56.1% % of Labor Force85.4%90.1%95.3%98.1%98.8%98.1% UnemployedTotal8,1205,5602,6601,0706701,040 % of Population8.1%5.6%2.7%1.1%0.7%1.1% % of Labor Force14.6%9.9%4.7%1.9%1.2%1.9%

110. Federal Spending and Military Spending during World War II Nominal GDPFederal SpendingDefense Spending Year total $% total $% % of GDPtotal $% % of GDP % of federal spending 1940101.49.479.34%1.661.64%17.53% 1941120.6719.00%13.0037.28%10.77%6.13269.28%5.08%47.15% 1942139.0615.24%30.18132.15%21.70%22.05259.71%15.86%73.06% 1943136.44-1.88%63.57110.64%46.59%43.9899.46%32.23%69.18% 1944174.8428.14%72.6214.24%41.54%62.9543.13%36.00%86.68% 1945173.52-0.75%72.11-0.70%41.56%64.532.51%37.19%89.49% (dollar values in billions of constant 1940 dollars)

111. US CASUALTIES IN ALL WARS WarNumber ServingBattle DeathsDisease & AccidentsWoundedTotal Casualties Revolutionary WarNA4,435NA6,188NA War of 1812286,7302,260NA4,505NA Mexican War78,7181,73311,5504,15217,435 Civil War2,213,363140,414224,097281,881646,392 Spanish-American War306,7603852,0611,6624,108 World War I4,743,82653,51363,195204,002320,710* World War II16,353,659292,131115,185670,8461,078,162 Korean War5,764,14333,651NA103,284NA Vietnam War8,744,00047,36910,799153,303211,147 Persian Gulf War467,539148145467760 NA = Not available * Does not include the number of soldiers missing in action Source: U.S. Department of Justice

112. One way to understand the violence and slaughter that occurred in the Great War is to examine the number of casualties aand deaths. Exact figures are still in dispute, because of different definitions used each category, the questionable accuracy of the recording system used and the loss or destruction of a number of official documents. The data in the tables below reflect numbers from several sources and are consistant with most experts' current estimates. Country Total Mobilized Forces KilledWounded Prisoners and Missing Total Casualties Casualties as % of Forces ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS Russia12,000,0001,700,0004,950,0002,500,0009,150,00076.3 British Empire8,904,467908,3712,090,212191,6523,190,23535.8 France8,410,0001,357,8004,266,000537,0006,160,80073.3 Italy5,615,000650,000947,000600,0002,197,00039.1 United States4,355,000116,516204,0024,500323,0187.1 Japan800,00030090731,2100.2 Romania750,000335,706120,00080,000535,70671.4 Serbia707,34345,000133,148152,958331,10646.8 Belgium267,00013,71644,68634,65993,06134.9 Greece230,0005,00021,0001,00027,00011.7 Portugal100,0007,22213,75112,31833,29133.3 Montenegro50,0003,00010,0007,00020,00040.0 TOTAL42,188,8105,142,63112,800,7064,121,09022,062,42752.3 ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS Germany11,000,0001,773,7004,216,0581,152,8007,142,55864.9 Austria-Hungary7,800,0001,200,0003,620,0002,200,0007,020,00090.0 Turkey2,850,000325,000400,000250,000975,00034.2 Bulgaria1,200,00087,500152,39027,029266,91922.2 TOTAL22,850,0003,386,2008,388,4483,629,82915,404,47767.4 GRAND TOTAL65,038,8108,528,83121,189,1547,750,91937,466,90457.5 US CASUALTIES IN WWII

113. U. S. Military Cemetery at Omaha Beach

114. U. S. Cemetery, Luxembourg