1. Culture Change and Globalization
Chapter 16
Culture Change and Globalization

2. What We Will Learn How do cultures change?
What are some obstacles to cultural change?
In what ways do civilization and industrialization threaten the cultures of Indigenous populations?
Do economic development programs always benefit the people of developing countries?
What is globalization, and how does it affect the cultures of the world?

3. Cultural Change No culture remains unchanged.
Cultures change in two ways:
Internally - through the processes of invention and innovation
Externally through the process of diffusion.

4. Inventors and Innovators
Inventors and innovators tend to be marginal people living on the fringes of society.
Not bound by tradition or convention, these people see problems and their solutions with a fresh perspective.
Many come from from upper-class, wealthy, and well-educated segments of society.

5. Diffusion
The spreading of a thing, an idea, or a behavior pattern from one culture to another.
If every culture had to rely solely on its own inventions, human progress over the centuries would indeed be slow.
Cultures have been able to develop rapidly because the process of diffusion has enabled humans to pool their creative/inventive resources.

6. Cultural Diffusion: Selectivity
The adoption of an innovation by a culture and the speed with which it is adopted depends on the following:
Is it seen as superior to what already exists?
Is it consistent with existing cultural patterns?
Is it easily understood?
Can it be tested on a trial basis?
Are the benefits clearly visible?

7. Cultural Diffusion: Reciprocity
Diffusion is a two-way process.
While Europeans introduced their culture to native Americans, they received cultural features in return:
Clothing - ponchos, parkas, and moccasins.
Medicines - quinine, pain relievers, and laxatives.
Food - corn, beans, tomatoes, squash, yams, avocados, and the so-called Irish potato.

8. Cultural Diffusion: Modification
Once a cultural element is accepted in a new culture, it may change in form or function.
The Masai of Kenya and Tanzania pierce their earlobes and enlarge the hole by inserting increasingly larger round pieces of wood until a loop of skin is formed.
One group of Masai was observed using Eveready flashlight batteries obtained from the U.S.

9. Cultural Diffusion: Likelihood
Some parts of culture are more likely to be diffused than others.
Material culture is more likely to be diffused than ideas or behavior patterns.
A traditional farmer in Senegal is more likely understand the advantages of a bulldozer over a shovel than of substituting Buddhism for his form of ancestor worship.

10. Cultural Diffusion: Variables
Diffusion is affected by:
Duration and intensity of contact.
Degree of cultural integration.
Similarities between the donor and recipient cultures.

11. Acculturation
Takes place as a result of sustained contact between two societies, one of which is subordinate to the other.
Involves the widespread reorganization of one or both cultures over a short period of time.
Both the dominant and subordinate culture experience changes, but the subordinate culture changes most dramatically.

12. Consequences of Acculturation
The subordinate culture could:
Become extinct
Be incorporated as a distinct subculture of the dominant group
Be assimilated (blended) into the dominant group

13. Linked Changes
A single innovation may set off changes in other parts of a culture.
Television
Introduced during the 1950s.
Replaced the the radio as the major form of electronic communication in U.S. Households.
Had consequences for other parts of the culture, such as the family system, the political process, and religious institutions.

14. Cultural Boundaries
Strengthen a culture’s traditions and discourage cultural borrowing:
Language
Eating habits
Clothing
Folklore
Humor

15. Indigenous Populations
Refers to a group of people who are:
Original inhabitants of a region.
Identify with a specific, small-scale cultural heritage.
Have no significant role in the government.
Examples: the small-scale cultures in Asia, Africa, and the Americas that came under the influence of the colonial powers during the past several centuries.

16. Modernization Theory Modern nations are associated with: Precise time
High levels of technology
Industrialization
Urbanization
Formal education
Efficient bureaucratic governments
Strong market economies
Precise time
Religious pluralism
Low birth/death rates
Upward mobility based on merit
Rapid change
Planning for the future
Decline in the extended family

17. Modernization Theory
Undeveloped nations must engage in activities that them more like the developed nations.
Economic development would occur through the mechanism of foreign aid from the wealthy nations to the undeveloped nations.
Blames poverty on the poor by suggesting that some countries are poorly developed because of cultural characteristics which they pass on to their children.

18. World Systems Theory
According to this theory, the rich and poor nations of the world are not fundamentally different because of cultural features but because of how they have operated within the world system.
Economic development is not the result of an enlightened or progressive population but instead occurs when one group purposefully increases its own wealth at the expense of others.

19. Factors in the the Rise of Globalization
Revolution in computer technology made communication faster and cheaper for a growing segment of the world’s population.
Methods of investing money has changed, today it is, to a large degree, in the hands of individuals.
There has been a fundamental change in the flow of information all over the world.

20. Quick Quiz

21. 1. Cultures change from ________ such as inventions and innovations.
internal strife
external mechanisms
external forces
internal mechanisms

22. Answer: d
Cultures change from internal mechanisms such as inventions and innovations

23. 2. A/an ________ is any new thing, idea, or behavior pattern that emerges from within a society.
Creation
Innovation
Construct
invention

24. Answer: d
An invention is any new thing, idea, or behavior pattern that emerges from within a society.

25. 3. ________ is the spread of a thing, an idea, or a cultural pattern from one culture to another.
Diffusion
Enculturation
Innovation
Acculturation

26. Answer: a
Diffusion is the spread of a thing, an idea, or a cultural pattern from one culture to another.

27. 4. _______ is a special type of diffusion that takes place as a result of sustained contact between two societies, one of which is subordinate to the other.
Modification
Acculturation
Reciprocity
Enculturation

28. Answer: b
Acculturation is a special type of diffusion that takes place as a result of sustained contact between two societies, one of which is subordinate to the other.

29. 5. According to the ________ theory, the wealthy countries of the world achieved high levels of development by exploiting other regions, plundering their resources, using their people as cheap sources of labor, and dominating their markets.
colonialism
voluntaristic
world systems
modernization

30. Answer: c
According to the world systems theory, the wealthy countries of the world achieved high levels of development by exploiting other regions, plundering their resources, using their people as cheap sources of labor, and dominating their markets.