1. THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION IN POLICY FORMULATION IN THE FISHING INDUSTRY Fishery Research Institute TALCAHUANO CHILE darcos@inpesca.cl www.inpesca.cl

2. PARABLE OF LOAVES AND FISHES TINTORETTO 1578 (Jacopo Robusti 1518-1594) THE CHRISTIAN PARABLE “FEEDING THE MULTITUDE” Mark 6: 32 – 4 Matthew 14: 13 – 21 Luke 9: 10 – 17 John 6: 1 - 16

3. CONFLICT “SCIENTIFIC UNCERTAINTY VS CONFLICTING OBJECTIVES” A MAJOR PROBLEM FOR DECISIONMAKERS DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IS SCIENTIFIC UNCERTAINTY. GOVERNMENT INDUSTRYSCIENTIST TRUST

4. The ocean, fishes and human society The ocean provides numerous ecosystem goods and services to mankind: - energy, transportation, recreation, biological and mineral resources Chilean Hake (Merluccius gayi) WHY DO WE CATCH FISH ? BECAUSE WE NEED TO FEED PEOPLE

5. SCIENCES AND FISH INDUSTRY 1.- CHARACTERISTICS OF FISHERIES 2.- HOW FISHERY MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION WORKS 3.- ENVIRONMENT AND FISHERIES 4.- BIOLOGICAL UNCERTAINTY IN FISHERIES IMPLICATIONS : SOCIAL ECONOMICAL POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL

6. I.I.P. FISHERY DEVELOPMENT HISTORY Initial point growth declination estability Peak maximun Jack Mackerel 1975 - 2000

7. Duality of Fishery In most Country 1.- CHARACTERISTICS OF FISHERIES

8. STRENGTH & WEAKNESSES OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY STRENGTH: 1.- THERE IS HIGH DEMAND FOR FISH PRODUCTS, WHICH ARE RICH IN PROTEIN AND ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS. 2.- TECHNOLOGY HAS DEVELOPED THAT CAN SELECT TARGET SPECIES AND LOCATE INDIVIDUAL FISH. FACTORY VESSELS ARE CAPABLE OF PROCESSING OVER 100 TONNES OF FISH PER DAY. 3.- SOME STOCKS AROUND THE WORLD ARE STILL HEALTHY, AND THERE IS GROWING POLITICAL AND PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE VALUE OF THIS RESOURCE. 4.- AQUACULTURE PROVIDES ECONOMICS ACTIVITY IN RELATIVELY UNDEVELOPED AREAS.

9. STRENGTH & WEAKNESSES OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY WEAKNESSES: 1.- CURRENT LEVELS OF INDUSTRIAL FISHING CANNOT BE SUSTAINED IN THE LONG TERM, INDICATED BY DRAMATIC DEPLETION OF FISH STOCK SINCE THE 80´S. 2.- POLITICAL FAILURE TO CONTROL THE DEPLETION OF STOCK HAS LED TO A WEAK ECONOMY, WHICH REDUCE THE INDUSTRY´S ABILITY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS. 3.- AQUACULTURE MAY COMPENSATE FOR DECLINING CATCHES BUT ITS BRING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS. 4.- AQUACULTURE IS AN IMMATURE, ECONOMICALLY UNSTABLE ACTIVITY WITH LOW PROFITS AND RELATIVELY LITTLE MONEY TO MITIGATE ANY ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE.

10. FISH ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS FISH PRODUCTION FACTORS: K, L, I, STOCK PRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS FLEET PLANTS PRODUCTS 2.- HOW FISHERY MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION WORKS

11. MANAGEMENT FUNCTION PLANING National Development Problems National fish policy Fish law knowledge fish control: Monitoring Stock Assessment Decision rule Fiscalization Management Plan by fisheries Stock Assessment Research Logistics Fish Data base Assessment Models FISHERY Regulation Biological Reference Point Research logistics Research Planning

12. Catches observing Boat log compiling BASIC DATA Stock Size Estimation Estimation of Biology indicator Fishery Biology Indicator Optimun Estrategy Estimation Fishery Explotation Strategy STOCKSIZE T.A.Q Determination Catching Quota FISHERY STOCK FLEET fishing Biological Fish Annual Quota

13. WHAT ARE THE COMMON QUESTION DONE BY THE HEAD OF THE FISH INDUSTRY? 1.- What are the status of the fishery? 2.- How much can we caught this year? 3.- Where can I find the fish? 4.- How can I detect the fish? At least twice a year At least once a year Monthly, weekly Daily National management systems Industry, Research Institute

14. CAUSE OF FISH ABUNDANCE CHANGES 1.- INTRA SPECIFIC DYNAMICS: SPAWNING vs RECRUITMENT GROWTH DENSITY CANNIBALISMS 2.- SPECIES COMPETITION. 3.- PREDATION. 4.- FISHING EXPLOTATION. 5.- ENVIRONMENTAL FLUCTUATIONS.

15. Time Space Decade Inter-annual MonthSeasonYearDay Ocean Local Regional Basin Stock condition before ENSO Adapted reproduction Fishery pressure Local Upwelling ENSO strength and duration Inter-decadal regime Large scale forcing Small scale forcing 3.- ENVIRONMENT AND FISHERIES

20. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 1965196819711974197719801983198619891992199519982001 YEAR Landings (10 ton) Jack Mackerel Anchovy Sardine Hake CHILEAN FISHERIES STATISTICS 3 82- 83 97- 98 72 - 73 ?

21. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY ? 1.- SIZE OF THE POPULATION 2.- ADULTS AGE ESTRUCTURE 3.- FISH MORTALITY 4.- NATURAL MORTALITY 5.- RECRUITMENT INTENSITY 6.- GROWTH RATE 7.- FECUNDITY EGGS AND LARVAE MORTALITY

22. FACTORS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN ADDITION TO THE FISHERY ASSESSMENT 1.- PROSPECT IN ALTERNATIVE STOCKS AND “COST” OF SWITCHING. 2.- COST OF FISHING, CAPITAL, ETC. 3.- SHORE FACILITIES, STORAGE AND TRANSPORT. 4.- MARKETS, DEMAND AND PRICES.

23. Biological uncertainty in fisheries THE ACTUAL STATE OF THE MAJOR FISHERIES IS NOT PRODUCT OF THE AZZARDS, BUT IS FAR AWAY OF A CONSEQUENCE OF SOMETHING PLANNED NEITHER FROM THE RESEARCH OR BY THE MANAGEMENT. ¿What we know? ¿What we would like to explain? And ¿What do we need to know in order to reduce the biological uncertainty?

24. Types and levels of Biological Uncertainty (a) Ecosystem Structure Uncertainty, deal with the biological system in a particular environment organization such us upwelling ecosystem. (b) Funtional Ecosystem uncertainty, deal with the interaction degree between components of the ecosystems, and. (c) Temporal & Spatial Uncertainty, deal with the coupling variables resulting from the function and structure of the ecosystems.

25. Ecosystem structure uncertainty: the biological system

26. Jack Mackerel

27. CPUE Zona norte CPUE Zona centro-sur Acoustics Biomass Ecosystem function uncertainty:

28. Spatial & temporal uncertainty: Spawning vs population processes

29. Acoustic surveys Spatial & Temporal variability

30. Spatial & temporal Uncertainty population processes Onboard observation program Catch data Effort data Size and Age Composition Catch rates Recruitment Program Rate of changes Abundance estimates Biological data Distribution Recruitment Direct Stock Assessment Absolute Abundance Estimation Age Size composition Distribution & Behaviour

31. Distribution of jack mackerel

32. Abundance spot

33. With HydroAcoustics 2002 y 2003 Without HydroAcoustics 2002 y 2003 Stock Assessment

34. FISHERY SCIENCES vs DECISION MAKERS 1.- THERE IS A NEED TO BALANCE THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF FISHERIES WITH PRESERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT. 2.- CURRENT LEVELS OF FISHING CANNOT BE SUSTAINED IN THE LONG TERM. AQUACULTURE MAY COMPENSATE FOR DECLINING CATCHES, BUT MAY HAVE IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT. 3.- THERE ARE EVIDENCE OF DAMAGE TO MARINE ENVIRONMENT CAUSED BY FISHING: FOR INSTANCE: Salmon aquaculture and deep water trawling. 4.- THE PRESSURE FOR FISH MEAL AND OIL WILL LIMIT THE GROWTH OF AQUACULTURE. ALTERNATIVES TO FISH MEAL ARE BEING EXPLORED. 5.- EVIDENCE THAT CONSUMPTION OF FISH WOULD REDUCE CARDIOVASCULAR DESEASES IN HUMANS. 6.- FUTURE SCENARIOS FOR CAPTURE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE SHOULD TAKE AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO MARINE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERING THE ENTIRE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; INCLUDING CLIMATE CHANGES, SOCIOECONOMICS AND PUBLIC CONCERN.

35. FISHERY SCIENCES vs DECISION MAKERS 1.- THERE IS A NEED TO BALANCE THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF FISHERIES WITH PRESERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT. 2.- CURRENT LEVELS OF FISHING CANNOT BE SUSTAINED IN THE LONG TERM. AQUACULTURE MAY COMPENSATE FOR DECLINING CATCHES, BUT MAY HAVE IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT. 3.- THERE ARE EVIDENCE OF DAMAGE TO MARINE ENVIRONMENT CAUSED BY FISHING: FOR INSTANCE: Salmon aquaculture and deep water trawling. 4.- THE PRESSURE FOR FISH MEAL AND OIL WILL LIMIT THE GROWTH OF AQUACULTURE. ALTERNATIVES TO FISH MEAL ARE BEING EXPLORED. 5.- EVIDENCE THAT CONSUMPTION OF FISH WOULD REDUCE CARDIOVASCULAR DESEASES IN HUMANS. 6.- FUTURE SCENARIOS FOR CAPTURE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE SHOULD TAKE AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO MARINE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERING THE ENTIRE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; INCLUDING CLIMATE CHANGES, SOCIOECONOMICS AND PUBLIC CONCERN.

36. Instituto de Investigación Pesquera Coelorhyncus fasciatus Genypterus maculatus Genypterus blacodes Merluccius gayi gayi Callorhynchus callorhynchus Epigonus Crassicaudus Raja spp Seriolella spp The End Trachurus s. murphyi