1. P5 and the Particle Physics Roadmap A. Seiden UC Santa Cruz Chair of P5

2. EPP 2010November 30, 20042 Outline of Talk What is P5 Why is it needed Roadmap Prioritization Activities

3. EPP 2010November 30, 20043 Activities to Date P5 is a new committee. It is a HEPAP Subpanel, reporting to the DOE and NSF through HEPAP. Charge: Maintain the roadmap for the field and provide prioritization among projects, when requested by the agencies. Activities to date: (1) P5 had a major role, along with HEPAP, in providing input for the field for Ray Orbach’s plan for future facilities for the DOE Office of Science. (2) In 2003 provided first P5 roadmap for the field. The roadmap should be updated every two years. Also, provided prioritization for three projects, all at Fermilab. (3) In 2004, follow-up on 2003 report, providing more detailed guidance on scheduling for one of the projects at Fermilab.

4. EPP 2010November 30, 20044 P5 Membership

5. EPP 2010November 30, 20045 P5 and the Particle Physics Roadmap Community Defines Compelling Science Projects P5 Roadmap If between $50 M and $600 M P5 Review and Prioritization P5 review looks at Science, Budgets, International Context, and Competing Options Significant Support Mature Project Ready for Construction

6. EPP 2010November 30, 20046 Projects on the Roadmap Objective: To understand the nature of matter, energy, space and time, linking nature on the microscopic and macroscopic levels. Projects on the roadmap provide a diverse and interconnected research program that aims to keep the U.S. among the world leaders in this area of exploration. Particle Physics has been very successful at developing a theory that explains on a microscopic level the interactions of ordinary matter and we are now confronting the next set of exciting questions: what is the dark matter that is responsible for herding particles into galaxies, what is the dark energy that is accelerating the expansion of the universe, how should we understand the vacuum, how many dimensions does space really have, what is the deeper relationship between the several types of forces and particles that we have discovered and what is their impact on the evolution of the universe?

7. EPP 2010November 30, 20047 P5 and the Particle Physics Roadmap Why P5?An explosion of opportunities based on new discoveries as well as new technological innovations. Requires stewardship. Ten years ago the primary expensive particle physics projects were at the national laboratories. These each ran their own autonomous programs, each guided by their own Scientific Policy Committee and Program Advisory Committee, with general policy guidance from HEPAP. Now the field is much more complex: (1) Our highest priority project toward the end of this decade will be at a foreign laboratory (LHC at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland with the U.S. having the most participants of any country). (2) Our highest long term priority is a Linear Collider, which will be an international project where the U.S. institutions must cooperate extensively. (3) There are many proposals for expensive particle astrophysics projects at the intersection of particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology.

8. EPP 2010November 30, 20048 P5 and the Particle Physics Roadmap Despite these changes, the laboratory – university partnership that has characterized particle physics brings enormous resources to the full range of experiments: projects at accelerators, in space, under ice and under ground. Innovations in accelerators, detectors, electronics and computing continue to enable scientific advances.

9. EPP 2010November 30, 20049 Roadmap as of 2003 R&D is marked in yellow, construction in green, and operation in blue.

10. Through most of history, the cosmos has been viewed as eternally tranquil

11. ` During the 20 th century the quest to broaden our view of the universe has shown us the vastness of the universe and revealed violent cosmic phenomena and mysteries

12.  e+e+ e-e- GLAST AGN

13. EPP 2010November 30, 200413 GLAST GLAST is a project jointly supported by the DOE and NASA with SLAC playing a leading role. It is an example of the important and growing role of interagency collaboration. The primary detector technology used in the experiment, silicon strip detectors, was developed by the particle physics community. The science objectives, spanning astrophysics and particle physics, can be broadly categorized into four themes: Understand the mechanisms of particle acceleration in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs), Pulsars, and Super Nova Remnants. Resolve the gamma-ray sky: unidentified sources and diffuse emission. Determine the high-energy behavior of gamma-ray bursts and transients. Probe dark matter and the early Universe. ICECUBE This is an NSF initiative sponsored jointly by the Physics Division and the Office of Polar Programs, with LBNL having an important role. As in the case of other projects in the field, many universities as well as international partners are involved, with the University of Wisconsin playing a leading role. The physics objectives are similar to GLAST but neutrinos can come directly from deep in the energy source. Sensitive to the presence of particles that decay into neutrinos within the energy source. Particle Astrophysics on the Roadmap

14. “Every cubic inch of space contains a miracle.” Walt Whitman

15. EPP 2010November 30, 200415 This seems to be true! The universe is filled with something called “Dark Energy” which is accelerating its expansion. It is also filled with something (called the Higgs field) which gives particles mass. What are these fundamental “somethings”? Will we some day see a relation? The underlying mechanism for both phenomena are not understood.

16. EPP 2010November 30, 200416 Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

17. EPP 2010November 30, 200417 The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a new accelerator scheduled to start operation in 2007, is under construction at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. This accelerator will explore nature at the shortest distances (a factor of seven high energy than the present highest energy machine) ever studied in detail. Scientists throughout the world are participating, and the U.S. Government is making a major contribution through programs funded by the NSF and the DOE. Some of the exciting goals: Study the nature of the vacuum and how it gives mass to particles and breaks the symmetry between forces. Study the physics framework behind the symmetry breaking. Search for extra Spatial Dimensions. Search for Quantum Dimensions (Supersymmetry). Search for the physics responsible for dark matter, for example as occurs in supersymmetry. LHC on the Roadmap

18. EPP 2010November 30, 200418 Neutrino Oscillations Quantum Mechanics in Action in the Particle World Oscillations exist between 3 neutrino types. Long Journey   W Detector       W Short Journey Gives time to change character

19. EPP 2010November 30, 200419 Atmospheric Neutrinos Diameter of the earth provides “Long Journey” Detector Cosmic ray   Super K Detector

20. EPP 2010November 30, 200420 The Growing Excitement of Neutrino Physics American Physical Society Multi-Divisional Neutrino Study over the past year to map out future opportunities has now concluded. Sponsored by the APS Divisions of: Nuclear Physics Particles and Fields Astrophysics Physics of Beams

21. EPP 2010November 30, 200421 Craft a program to: Tell us if there are only 3 neutrino families. Complete measurements of masses and mixing parameters for the neutrinos. Tell us if neutrinos are their own antiparticles. Related theoretical questions: Are neutrinos responsible for the excess of matter over anti-matter? What can neutrinos tell us about new physics beyond the Standard Model? Use neutrinos as a tool to study Astrophysics: Probe processes that generate energy in the sun. Look at super-nova explosions. Study cosmic sources of very high-energy particles. Neutrino Physics Agenda

22. EPP 2010November 30, 200422 Prioritization I believe the agencies are still learning how to use P5. The first request for prioritization involved three projects at Fermilab. These needed rapid decisions since any further delays risked jeopardizing the timeliness of the projects.

23. EPP 2010November 30, 200423 Prioritization for Three Projects Highest Priority: The Fermilab Tevatron Run II Upgrades, which involve two detectors taking data at the energy frontier. P5 advocated that Fermilab try to maximize the physics- quality data recorded by each experiment by the end of 2008. Requires upgrades to the trigger and data acquisition systems of each experiment. Supported the Fermilab management’s decision that the separate silicon detector upgrades not be built given the cost, schedule, and luminosity expectations for the accelerator.

24. EPP 2010November 30, 200424 The other two experiments were in the area of quark flavor physics. Both were excellent experiments that could start to take data at the end of this decade. These experiments would look at the imprint of the new physics found at the LHC in the decays of heavy quarks, providing a tool to help decipher the character of that new physics. We recommended that the broader of the two move forward and that the second experiment not proceed based on current budgetary models. Note that budgetary considerations, after many years of funding stringencies for the field, now play a very large role in limiting opportunities. Prioritization for Three Projects

25. EPP 2010November 30, 200425 Prioritization For the future, I believe it would be better to look at a larger set of projects, for example a set that could start construction within a 5 year time window. These compete directly for funds. This is complicated by the fact that some of the projects involve more than just the NSF and the DOE Office of High Energy Physics. However, we can certainly provide the perspective from our own field, to be used in reaching agency decisions.