1. Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2
Grigoryeva M.

2. Language Units
Morphemes
Words
Word groups
Phraseological units

3. MORPHEME morphe – “form” - eme “the smallest unit”
Morphemes- are the smallest meaningful unit of form
cannot be segmented into smaller units
can occur in speech only as constituent parts of words
are divided into lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemes

4. ALLOMORPHS Phonetic variants of one and the same morpheme
Ex: please-pleasing [pliz-]
pleasant [plez-]

6. Lexical morphemes
Free
Roots
Bound
Affixes

7. BOUND morphemes FREE morphemes
do not coincide with separate word-forms
occur only as a constituent part of words
are mostly derivational morphemes
Ex. –ive in sportive;
FREE morphemes
coincide with a word-form
may stand alone without changing its meaning
can be only roots
Ex. sport- in sportive

8. Semantically
Root morphemes (radicals)
Non-root morphemes

9. A ROOT morpheme (RADICALS)
is a lexical center of a word
has an individual lexical meaning common to a set of semantically related words (word-family)
Ex to write, writer, writing
does not possess a part-of-speech meaning
Ex cold water, to water flowers

10. Non-root morphemes (Derivational)
Inflectional morphemes (inflections)
endings
Affixational morpheme (affixes)
prefixes suffixes
functional derivational

11. Inflectional morphemes (inflections)
Inflectional morphemes (inflections)- endings- carry only grammatical meaning
Ex –s (plural of nouns)
- ed (Past Indefinite of regular verbs)

12. A PREFIX a derivational morpheme stands before the root
modifies the word meaning
Ex hearten – dishearten
safe - unsafe

13. SUFFIX Derivational morpheme Follows the root
Forms a new derivative in a different part of speech or a different word class
Ex heart-en
heart-y
heart-less

14. Ex. boy- boys, boy’s – boys’;
FUNCTIONAL AFFIXES
build different forms of one and the same word (a word-form)
Ex. boy- boys, boy’s – boys’;
take – takes;
hearty – heartier – (the) heartiest

15. DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES build new words Ex to teach - a teacher
have a part-of-speech meaning
Ex. to change – changeable
to organize – organization
are dependent on the root they modify (bound)

16. Structurally
Free morphemes
Bound morphemes
Semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes

17. coincide with the stem or a word form
Free morphemes
coincide with the stem or a word form
Ex friendship

18. Bound morphemes Occur only as a constituent of a word
(affixes are always bound morphemes)
Ex darkness
impolite
to dramatize

19. Semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes
Function in a morphemic sequence both as an affix and as a free morpheme
Ex to sleep well (free morphemes – coincide with
half an hour the stem and the word-form)
well- known (bound morphemes- a part of
half-done the word)

20. Completives (a combining form)
is a bound form
a distinguishing feature from an affix---borrowed from another language
occur in compounds (that didn’t exist in the original language and were formed in modern times)
Ex aerogram ( Greek aer = air)
claustrophobia (Greek claustrum=closed space phobia=fear)
Beatlesmania (modern - Beatles Greek ---- mania = madness)

21. Splinters
clipping the end or the beginning of a word to produce new words
Mini miniature (minibus)
Eco ecology (ecomenu)
burger hamburger (cheeseburger)
wich sandwich (turkeywich)

22. Types of meaning
Lexical
Differential
Part – of- speech
Distributional

23. Lexical meaning Is individual for root-morphemes
Ex Teach teacher teaching
Is generalizing for affixational morphemes
Ex -en (the change of a quality)
deepen deafened

24. Some affixational morphemes with the same
denotational meaning differ in conotation
womanly womanlike womanish
женственный женский бабий

25. Differential meaning
To distinguish one word from others containing identical morphemes
Ex A bookshelf a book+case
a book+stall

26. Part-of-speech meaning
In most cases affixational morphemes are indicative of the part of speech
Ex -ment (noun)
- less (adjective)
- ize (verb)

27. Distributional meaning
The meaning of the order and arrangement of morphemes making up a word containing more than one morpheme
sing- (to make musical sounds)
Ex sing+er
-er (the doer of the action)
er+sing IMPOSSIBLE!

28. PRACTICE!
Segment the given words into morphemes. Define the semantic type and the structural type of the morphemes
Ex aimless aim + less
a)Semantically aim- is a root, -less is an affix
b)Structurally aim- is a free morpheme, -less is a bound one
Beggarly, postman, disaffected, half-eaten, rent-free

29. Disaffected Half-eaten
Beggarly Postman
BEG(G)- root, free POST - root, free
- AR- affix, bound MAN affix, semi-bound
- LY affix, bound
Disaffected Half-eaten
DIS- affix, bound HALF- affix, semi-bound
- AFFECT- root, free EAT- root, free
- ED affix, bound EN affix, bound
Rent-free
RENT- root, free
- FREE root, free

30. PRACTICE! Hostess, dehouse, eyelet, famous, prewar
Translate the following words into Russian, taking into account the lexical meaning of the root and affixes
EX weekly еженедельно
Week- a period of 7 days ly frequency
Hostess, dehouse, eyelet, famous, prewar

31. Hostess host- (a person receiving guests)
- tess (a woman)
Dehouse de (the removal of)
- house (a place for man habituation)
Eyelet eye (body part for seeing)
- let (a small kind of)
Famous fam(e)- (the condition of being known)
- ous (possessing something)
Prewar pre (before)
- war (a state of armed conflict)

32. PRACTICE! Classify the following words according to the
part-of-speech meaning
Ex criticism -ism (noun)
Hatless, befriend, enlarge, boyhood, accordingly