1. The Polish Experience in PV Applications on the Example of 6 Years 1.1 kW System Operation at the Szczecin University of Technology ANNA MAJCHRZYCKA, ZBIGNIEW ZAPAŁOWICZ, AGNIESZKA KUCZYNSKA Department of Heat Engineering Szczecin University of Technology POLAND

2. Goal Observation Yearly electrical energy production by PV- system located on the roof of Department of Heat Engineering (DHE) of Szczecin University of Technology systematically decreased Evaluation of PV- system exploited in DHE building (Poland)

3. POLAND SZCZECIN Poland is situated in the Middle Europe on the Northern European Plain, with the northern border at the Baltic Sea and Carpathian Mountains in the south. Poland is located between 49º and 54º30’ N latitudes in a moderate climate zone influenced by both the Atlantic and Continental climate.

4. Poland

5. Poland geographic location Middle Europe Latitude: 49°00’ and 54°50’ N Longitude: 14°08’ and 24°09’ E Moderate climate zone

6. Western Pomeranian Province and Szczecin geographic location Latitude: 52°30’ and 54°30’ N Longitude: 14° and 17° E

7. Mean yearly irradiation in Poland Mean yearly temperature t=7.9 o C, Mean solar hours =1600 h

8. Sun irradiance Summer solstice Winter solstice II&III quater I&IVquater Hours Radiation intensity, kW/m 2

9. Polish regions with different conditions for solar energy utilization

10. Data of commissioned: February 1999 Location Direction S Angle of inclination44°

11. Grid connected PV system at Szczecin University of Technology G R I D INVERTER Photovoltaic panel Data monitoring and collecting Data monitoring and collecting

12. Description of PV installation 10 solar modules type M110 (Simens) Modules are connected in two parallel series Total power of PV system 1100 W p System PV co-operated with the Sunny- Boy inverter

14. Technical parameters of solar module type M110 (Siemens) Solar moduleValueUnit Maximum power [PMAX]110W Open circuit voltage [UOC] 43,5V Short-circuit current [ISC]3,45A MPP voltage [UMPP]35,0V MPP current [AMPP]3,15A Length/width [l/w]1307/652mm Weight [m]9,5kg Source:www.siemens.de

15. The basic characteristic of the system : Industrial grade modules made by well known German corporation, Siemens. Covered with 3mm highly transparent glass to deliver more power and ensures high impact resistance and protection against hail, snow, ice and storms. Siemens M110- Monocrystal, with frame, no lead, 1316x 660x 35, 12V, 110W. The module contains two parallel strings of 72 connected 103x103 mm mono- crystalline silicon solar cells. Siemens M110 solar module has been designed for 12V grid connected applications. The junction box provides a high quality, dust protected and splash proof housing. The housing contains a rigid connection block with cage clamps and by-pass diodes providing “hot spot” protection for the solar cells.

16. Technical parameters of inverter type Sunny-Boy SWR 850 InverterValueUnit Nominal power [PNOM]850W Input voltage [UDC]125-250V Output voltage [UAC]196-253V Frequency [fAC]49,8-50,2Hz Max. efficiency [  MAX]  93 % Height/width/thickness [h/w/t]290/322/180mm Weight [m]18,5kg Source: http://www.solardyne.com/sunboyswr110.html Sale Price: $1,779.0

17. Inverter type: Sunny-Boy SWR 850

18. „Sunny Data” main window

19. Acquisition system

20. Measurement parameters Direct voltage and current generating by PV modules Voltage and power transmitted to grid Operating time Energy production in fixed time Other electrical parameters

21. Meteorological stations Stations of IMiGW in Western Pomeranian Province

22. Mean monthly sun irradiation – data from meteorological station IMiGW in Kołobrzeg

24. Meteorological station in DHE View of station

25. Parameters measure by the meteorological station Measurements: direct and diffuse solar radiation, pressure, temperature and relative humidity of air, power and direction of wind, surface PV module temperature.

26. Wind velocity sensor Measuring range - 0 –50 m/s Accuracy – discrimination threshold 0,5 m/s Impulse output 20 imp/s = 1 m/s

27. Wind direction sensor Resolution - 11,5° Accuracy - discrimination threshold 0,5 m/s

28. Sensors of solar radiation Pyranometrs CM11 produced by Kipp&Zonen According to the ISO 9060/WMO standards Secondary standard, high quality Spectral range (50% points) - 305 – 2800 nm Sensivity - 4 – 6 μV/W/m 2 Response time (95%) - 12 s

29. Atmospheric pressure sensor Measuring range - 850 –1100 hPa Accuracy - 1 hPa Resolution - 0,1 hPa

30. Sensors of solar radiation Zero offsets: thermal radiation (200 W/m 2 ) – ±7 W/m 2 temperature change (5 K/h) – ±2 W/m 2 Non stability (change/year) - ±0,5% Non linearity (0-1000 W/m 2 ) - ±0,6% Directional error (at 1000 W/m 2 ) - ±10 W/m 2 Temperature dependence of sensitivity - ±1% (-10 - +40°C) Tilt response (at 1000 W/m 2 ) - ±0,2%

31. Sensors of solar radiation View of sensor and shadow ring

32. Relative air humidity sensor Measuring range - 30 –98% Accuracy – 2% in range 30-85% 3% in range 85-98% Resolution - 0,1%

33. Meteorological station in DHE View of station

34. Breakdowns of PV installation PV – system out of order Damage of inverter in following periods: from 01.11.2001 to 23.03.2002 from 19.03.2003 to 16.06.2003 Electrical energy was not produced. Breakdowns of acquisition system. Data was not collected in short time. Electrical energy was produced.

35. Yearly electrical energy production from 1.1 kW PV generator

36. Measurement parameters Direct voltage and current generating by PV modules Voltage and power transmitted to grid Operating time Energy production in fixed time other electrical parameters

37. Recorder Type RC12 Data storage 176 kB of memory Measurement period 2-60 min RS connection directly to computer

38. „Sunny Data” window

45. Monthly electrical energy production from 1.1 kW PV generator 19992000200120022003

46. Monthly electrical energy production by pV module in exploitation time 1999-2003

47. Reasons Variable weather conditions Breakdowns Ageing process of semiconductor elements

48. Daily electrical production on 30.04 Daily electrical production on 30.05 2002 2001 1999 2000 6,15 kWh 5,87 kWh 5,20 kWh 3,73 kWh 5,53 kWh 5,34 kWh 1,90 kWh 5,83 kWh

49. Daily electrical production on 30.06 Daily electrical production on 30.07 1999 2000 2001 2000 2003 2002 5,10 kWh 1,73 kWh 5,70 kWh 3,69 kWh 6,35 kWh 3,01 kWh 4,70 kWh 5,12 kWh 5,69 kWh

50. Daily electrical production on 30.08 1999 2003 2002 4,49 kWh 4,16 kWh 2,37 kWh

51. Daily electrical production on summer cloudless days 30.07.1999 28.07.2000 28.07.2002 11.08.2003 6,35 kWh 6,00 kWh 6,02 kWh 6,08 kWh

53. Observation : Systematically decrease of yearly electrical energy production by PV- system located on the roof of Department of Heat Engineering (DHE) of Szczecin University of Technology

54. Relative electrical energy production: 1999927,39 kWh100,0% 0,0% 2000847,68 kWh91,4% 8,6% 2001825,92 kWh89,1%10,9% 2002814,40 kWh87,8%12,2% 2003not analysed

55. The average electrical energy production regarding to the months and 1m 2 of PV panel Februar 1999 – Februar 2003

56. Efficiency of PV modules

57. Average production of electrical energy and average solar irradiance

58. Monthly electricity consumption per capita 1997-2000

59. Municipal household’s electricity consumption per capita and energy production by 1.1 kW PV modules

60. Electrical energy production per 1m 2 of PV panel as the function of solar irradiation and average module’s efficiency

61. Annual electrical energy production from 1W p of installed power PV cell

63. http://www.solarbuzz.com/index.asp

66. It was observed that the amount of produced electrical energy systematically decreased. The rate of PV panels ageing was estimated by analysis of the parameters aquired during the operation of the system. It was found out, that based only of daily energy production, it is not possible to estimate this value in a reliable way. Approximate ageing rate of PV generator was estimated by verification of annual data concerning electrical energy production. Ageing rate of installation decreased asymptotically. Close to the end of operation of the installation, 15% decrease of electrical energy produced in photovoltaic cells was observed. Conclusions