2. Time Series Analysis:

3. Importance of time series: 1. Analysis of causes and conditions prevailing during occurrence of past changes, one can easily determine the future policies and programs 2. Estimation of future trends on the basis of analysis or past trends. 3. Trends of trade cycles are studied and their effect can be reduced to a considerable extent. 4. Comparative study with the other time series.

4. B.) Cyclical Fluctuations : The fluctuations or changes occurring in economic activities are known as cyclical fluctuations. Although they are also regular in nature but period of reoccurrence is more than a year. There are four stages in cyclical fluctuations:- Boom, Recession, Depression, Recovery. Irregular or random fluctuations : When changes in time series occur due to some unforeseen causes then it is called irregular or random fluctuations. Prediction of irregular fluctuations is very difficult as they occur accidentally. They are of two types: A) Episodic Movement: It occurs due o some unforeseen situation for ex war, flood drought, earthquake etc. B) Accidental Movements : Accidental movements are of random nature.

5. Time Series decomposition model Analysis include two steps: – Identify factors which influence the variations in the series. – Isolating, analyzing & measuring the effect of these factors independently. Purpose of decomposition is to break a series into components: – trend value (T), seasonal variations (S), cyclical fluctuations (C) and irregular fluctuations(I). Two models are: – Multiplicative Model. – Additive Model.

6. Multiplicative Model Y= T*C*S*I This model is effective where the effect of C,S and I is measured in relative sense instead of absolute sense. All variables are interdependent. The geometric mean is less than 1. EX: Sales = 423.36, Mean is 400, Current cycle.90 and seasonality is 1.20, Random fluctuation absent. Expected value of sales = 400*.90*1.20=432. Id the random factor decreases sale by 2% then actual sales will be 432*.98= 423.36

7. Additive Model Y= T+C+S+I T, C, S, I are absolute quantities and can have positive or negative values. It is assumed that all four components are independent

8. ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES: Study of components of time series is known as analysis of time series. The original data (O) is a combination of, trend value (T), seasonal variations (S), cyclical fluctuations (C) and irregular fluctuations(I). Analysis of all these components of time series separately is known as analysis of time series. Measures Of Secular Trend: 1. Freehand Curve Method 2. Smoothing Methods: Semi Average Method Moving Average Method 4. Trend Projection Methods Least Square Method

9. FREEHAND CURVE METHOD: It is the most simplest method according to this method firstly time series is plotted on the graph paper, keeping in view the direction of fluctuation of the time series straight line or curve is drawn passing through the midpoints. The line or curve represents the secular trend. Ex 1. Find out the secular trend by freehand curve method: Yr 19858687888990 Prod (lacs)152319272430

10. YEARS PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

11. SEMI-AVERAGE METHOD: Acc to this method the original data is divided into two parts. Then the mean of both the parts is calculated separately. Ex2. Determine the trend by applying the semi-average method. Yr. 19909192939495 Sales505854716674

12. Moving Average Method : This is the simple and most widely used method for the calculation of trend values. In this firstly we have to decide what will be the period of moving average? The period can be odd i.e 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 or even i.e 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 years

13. YearsProduction/Sales.3 yearly moving total 3 yearly moving average 1234567812345678 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X1+X2+X3 X2+X3+X4 X3+X4+X5. X1+X2+X3/3 X2+X3+X4/3 X3+X4+X5/3. Table Format

14. Ex 4 Find the secular trend by 3 yearly moving average. Yr Sales (in lacs) 200145 200240 200348 200462 200554 200675 200750 200882

15. 4 Yearly Moving Average Table Format YearProduction/s ales 4 Yearly Moving Total Un centered 4 Yearly Moving Average Un centered 4 Yearly Centered Moving Average (Trend) 123456123456 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X1+X2+X3+X4 X2+X3+X4+X5 X3+X4+X5+X6 A=X1+X2+X3+X4/4 B=X2+X3+X4+X5/4 C=X3+X4+X5+X6/4 A+B/2 B+C/2

16. Ex5: Find the secular trend by 4yearly moving average Yr Value 2001506 2002620 20031036 2004673 2005588 2006696 2007 1116 2008738 2009663

17. Trend Projection Methods It is best represented by straight line is termed as long run directions(upward, downward, constant), of any business activity over a period of several years. Reasons to study trend: Helps in describing long term general directions of any business activity over a long period of time. It helps in making intermediate and long term forecasting projections.

18. Least Square Method: It is calculated to be the best method for calculating the trend values. The trend line obtained by this methods is called line of best fit. This line can be a straight line or parabolic curve. Least Square Method: This method can be used in both cases when no. of years are odd as well as even.  Y =N a + b  X  XY= a  X + b  X 2 Function Equation Y = a + b x

19. YearProd /Sales XX2X2 XYTrend Values Yc = a+bX.................................... YY XX X2X2  XY  Yc Table format of least square method

20. Ex 6 Fit the straight line trend by least square method: Yr Production(lacs) 20025 20037 20049 200510 200612 200717

21. Ex7 Fit the straight-line trend by least square method. Also predict the sales for year 2010 YrSales (000) 200380 200490 200592 200683 200794 200899 200992

22. Fit the straight-line trend by least square method by assuming 2005 as the base year. Also predict the sales for year 2010 Yr Value 2001506 2002620 20031036 2004673 2005588 2006696 2007 1116 2008738 2009663