Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byMay Melton Modified over 8 years ago
1
1
2
2 What was Charles Darwin’s idea about evolution called? A) Competiton B) Natural Selection C) Survival D) Complete Evolution
3
3 What are the two mandatory steps of speciation? A) Geographic Isolation and Reproductive Isolation B) Adaptive radiation and geographic isolation C) Reproductive isolation and adaptive radiation D) None of the above
4
4 What is adaptive radiation? A) Differences in isolated groups become so great, they can no longer interbreed B) When a population becomes divided by a natural barrier C) survival of the fittest D) When one species splits into many species to fill open habitats
5
5 What was Jay Gould’s theory of the rate of evolution which shows different rates of evolution? A) Punctuated equilibrium B) Popularized evolution C) Gradualism D) Neodarwinism
6
6 Which of these is a Prokaryote? A) bacteria B) fungi C) protista D) plants
7
7 What is taxonomy? A) the epithet for the species B) the genus name of the species C) method to name and classify species D) a two-part Latin name
8
8 Layering occurs in which type of rock? A) igneous B) sedimentary C) metamorphic
9
9 Evolution is defined as: A) rapid change B)Change through time C) gradual change D) extreme change
10
10 Which is not a cause of microevolutionary change? A) genetic drift B) speciation C) mutation D) founder effect
11
11 Genetic drift involves: A) isolation accumulate mutations B) Mutations accumulate isolation C) founder effect D) isolation
12
12 When a new species evolves during the recovery period following mass extinction A) Mass extinction B) Background extinction C) Adaptive radiation D) Emergent Species
13
13 Which island would have the most species diversity? A) bigger islands B) small islands C) islands close to mainland D) islands farther from mainland
14
14 What was interesting about the finches beaks? A. They all got fatter due to the tropical climate B. They got narrower since the seeds were harder here C. They were the same as on the mainland D. They all adapted individually to different situations. E. They fell off within 5 months of adult life.
15
15 The current species on the island A. Separated into different species over time as their beaks and characteristics adapted B. Killed each other, leaving only the species seen now- a result of survival of the fittest and competition. C. All were replaced by new finches/birds the settlers brought over D. Were partially replaced by finches/birds the settlers brought over
16
16 According to Darwin, what made up natural selection? A. Competition B. Variation C. Competition and Variation D. Competition and Instinct
17
17 Being “fit” means ? A. Being the strongest in the species B. Being the strongest in the population C. Being the fastest and strongest in the species D. Being the fastest and strongest in the population E. Surviving to reproduce
18
18 Fossils are formed when: A. Sedimentary rock compress against each other with the bones of dead organisms in them B. Dead animals bones are weathered by natural wind processes C. The sun burns away flesh and imprints dead animal bones into rock and sand\
19
19 Limbs that share similar bone structure but have different function are called A. Homogenous B. Synonymous C. Homology D. Forelimbs E. Homologous
20
20 What is not a type of competition? A) Resource competition B) Preemptive competition C) Mating competition D) Interference competition
21
21 Why do insecticides not work completely? A.Companies purposely make the products weaker so customers have to buy more B.Government regulates their power to protect the environment under the FIFRA C.They target only adults in the insect population so those hatched do not get killed D.The stronger survive and reproduce genetically resistant offspring E.Insecticide has a very short half-life, so it wears off before the job is done a lot of times.
22
22 A cockroach would be an example of a A. Fundamental niche species B. Specialist species C. Generalist species D. Realized niche species
23
23 What is not true about genetic engineering? A. It is a form of Natural Selection B. It may use engineered plasmids to choose a specific trait. C. The genes can be cloned. D. It may reduce natural biodiversity in the future.
24
24 How do we get Biodiversity?
25
25 Evolution, Biodiversity, and Community Processes La Cañada High School Dr. E
26
26 Biodiversity
27
27
28
28 Biodiversity Biodiversity –increases with speciation –decreases with extinction Give-and-take between speciation and extinction changes in biodiversity Extinction creates evolutionary opportunities for adaptive radiation of surviving species
29
Interpretations of Speciation Two theories: 1.Gradualist Model (Neo- Darwinian): Slow changes in species overtime 2.Punctuated Equilibrium: Evolution occurs in spurts of relatively rapid change
30
30
31
Adaptive Radiation Emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced to new and diverse environments ExampleExample: Example Hawaiian Honeycreepers
32
Convergent Evolution Species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble one another if they live in very similar environments Example: 1. Ostrich (Africa) and Emu (Australia). 2. Sidewinder (Mojave Desert) and Horned Viper (Middle East Desert) Horned Viper (Middle East Desert)
33
33
34
Coevolution Evolutionary changeEvolutionary change –One species acts as a selective force on a second species –Inducing adaptations –that act as selective force on the first species Example: Example: 1.Wolf and Moose 2.Acacia ants and Acacia trees 2.Yucca Plants and Yucca moths 3.Lichen
35
35
36
36 Extinction Extinction of a species occurs when it ceases to exist; may follow environmental change - if the species does not evolve Evolution and extinction are affected by: –large scale movements of continents –gradual climate changes due to continental drift or orbit changes –rapid climate changes due to catastrophic events
37
37
38
38 Extinction Background extinction - species disappear at a low rate as local conditions changeBackground extinction - species disappear at a low rate as local conditions change Mass extinction - catastrophic, wide- spread events --> abrupt increase in extinction rateMass extinction - catastrophic, wide- spread events --> abrupt increase in extinction rate Five mass extinctions in past 500 million yearsFive mass extinctions in past 500 million years Adaptive radiation - new species evolve during recovery period following mass extinctionAdaptive radiation - new species evolve during recovery period following mass extinction
39
39 Mass Extinctions Date of the Extinction Event Percent Species Lost Species Affected 65 mya (million years ago) 85Dinosaurs, plants (except ferns and seed bearing plants), marine vertebrates and invertebrates. Most mammals, birds, turtles, crocodiles, lizards, snakes, and amphibians were unaffected. 213 mya44Marine vertebrates and invertebrates 248 mya75-95Marine vertebrates and invertebrates 380 mya70Marine invertebrates 450 mya50Marine invertebrates http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/physgeog/contents/9h.html
40
40 1.Diversity is a balance of factors that increase diversity and factors that decrease diversity 2.Production of new species (speciation), and influx can increase diversity 3.Competitive exclusion, efficient predators, catastrophic events (extinction) can decrease diversity 4.Physical conditions a.variety of resources b.Predators c.environmental variability Equilibrium Theory of Biodiversity
41
41 Species Diversity Def: the variety of species in an area Two subcomponents: species richness species evenness
42
42 Species Richness vs. Evenness Species Richness: measurement of the number of species in a given area Species Evenness: measurement of how evenly distributed organisms are among species Community A Community B species 1 25 1 species 2 0 1 species 325 1 species 425 1 species 5 25 96
43
43 Determining Species Diversity Scientists may want to: * get an estimate of # of species in an area * compare species diversity of two communities To be accurate, need to: * take both species evenness and species richness into account
44
44 Species Diversity Indices Shannon-Weiner (Shannon-Weaver) Index Diversity = (p spp 1 - ln(p spp 1 )) + (p spp 2 - ln(p spp. 2 ) + … (p spp N - ln(p spp. N ) Simpson Index Diversity = 1 (pspp 1 ) 2 + (pspp 2 ) 2 + … (pspp N ) 2
45
45 Why should we care about measuring biodiversity (species diversity)?
46
46 Biodiversity Factoids ~ 2,000,000 spp. have been described ~ 10-30,000,000 species actually exist (est.) ~ 8,000,000 – 22,000,000 spp. unidentified ~ 40 – 60% of all spp. occur in two areas: * tropical rainforests * coral reefs
47
47 Richness (number of species) Relative abundance How do we describe these differences? Comparison of Two Communities
48
48 Biogeographical Changes Richness declines from equator to pole Due to: –Evolutionary history –Climate Fig 53.23 Bird species numbers
49
49 Species-area curve The larger the geographic area, the greater the number of species Geographic (Sample) Size Fig. 23.25 North American Birds
50
50 Species Richness on Islands Depends on:Depends on: –Rate of immigration to island –Rate of extinction on island These in turn depend on:These in turn depend on: –Island size –Distance from mainland
51
51 How do species move? Humans (accidental and intended) Animals (sticky seeds and scat) Wind and ocean currents (+ or -) Land bridges Stepping stone islands –affected by climactic changes (glaciation) –ocean levels –short-term weather patterns
52
52 What allowed colonization? Niche opening No competition Endemics not utilizing resources Accessibility to colonists
53
53 Theory of Island Biogeography 1.Immigration rate decreases as island diversity increases 2.Extinction increases as island diversity increases 3.Species equilibrium on islands is a balance of immigration and local extinction
54
54
55
55
56
56 1.Islands further from mainland have lower immigration rates 2.More distant islands have lower species diversity Theory of Island Biogeography
57
57
58
58 Wilderness Act of 1964 Wilderness Act of 1964: directed the Secretary of the Interior, within 10 years, to review every roadless area of 5,000 or more acres and every roadless island (regardless of size) within National Wildlife Refuge and National Park Systems and to recommend to the President the suitability of each such area or island for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System, with final decisions made by Congress. The Secretary of Agriculture was directed to study and recommend suitable areas in the National Forest System.
59
59 Roosevelt T. Roosevelt also tripled the size of the forest reserves and transferred administration from Department of the Interior (USDOI) to Department of Agriculture (USDA. 1905, Congress created the US Forest Service to manage and protect forest reserves. Roosevelt appointed Gifford Pinchot as its first chief. 1907, Roosevelt reserved 16 million acres of land. Congress was trying to ban Executive orders for forest reservation. Roosevelt did this defiantly the day before Congress’ ban became law!
60
60 Pinchot (1905) Pinchot pioneered scientific management of forest resources on public lands, using the principles of sustainable yield and multiple use. This same year, the Audubon Society was founded to preserve the nation’s bird species.
61
61 US National Park Service 1912, Congress created the US National Park Service. 1916, Congress passed the National park System Organic Act – declared that the parks were to be maintained in a manner that leaves them unimpaired for future generations and established the National Park Service (DOI). Stephen Mather was the first Director of NPS. He began establishing grand hotels and other tourist facilities in parks with spectacular scenery to encourage tourism by allowing private concessionaires to operate facilities within the parks.
62
62 Community Relationships
63
63 Niche is the species’ occupation and its Habitat location of species (its address)
64
64Niche A species’ functional role in its ecosystem; includes anything affecting species survival and reproduction 1.Range of tolerance for various physical and chemical conditions 2.Types of resources used 3.Interactions with living and nonliving components of ecosystems 4.Role played in flow of energy and matter cycling
65
65Niche Realized niche: more restricted set of conditions under which the species actually exists due to interactions with other species Fundamental niche: set of conditions under which a species might exist in the absence of interactions with other species
66
66 Types of Species Generalist –large niches –tolerate wide range of environmental variations –do better during changing environmental conditions Specialist –narrow niches – more likely to become endangered – do better under consistent environmental conditions
67
67 Depending upon the characteristics of the organism, organisms will follow a biotic potential or carrying capacity type reproductive strategy The r-strategists 1.High biotic potential – reproduce very fast 2.Are adapted to live in a variable climate 3.Produce many small, quickly maturing offspring = early reproductive maturity 4.“Opportunistic” organisms The K-strategists 1.Adaptations allow them to maintain population values around the carrying capacity 2.They live long lives 3.Reproduce late 4.Produce few, large, offspring r and k strategists
68
68 Types of Species Native speciesNative species normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem Nonnative speciesNonnative species are introduced - can be called exotic or alien Indicator speciesIndicator species serve as early warnings of danger to ecosystem- birds & amphibians Keystone speciesKeystone species are considered of most importance in maintaining their ecosystem
69
69 Nonnative Species Nonnative plant species are invading the nation's parks at an alarming rate, displacing native vegetation and threatening the wildlife that depend on themNonnative plant species are invading the nation's parks at an alarming rate, displacing native vegetation and threatening the wildlife that depend on them At some, such as Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in Michigan, as much as 23 percent of the ground is covered with alien species, and the rate of expansion is increasing dramatically.At some, such as Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in Michigan, as much as 23 percent of the ground is covered with alien species, and the rate of expansion is increasing dramatically.
70
70 Indicator Species a species whose status provides information on the overall condition of the ecosystem and of other species in that ecosystem reflect the quality and changes in environmental conditions as well as aspects of community composition
71
71 Keystone Species A keystone is the stone at the top of an arch that supports the other stones and keeps the whole arch from falling – a species on which the persistence of a large number of other species in the ecosystem depends. If a keystone species is removed from a system –the species it supported will also disappear –other dependent species will also disappear Examples –top carnivores that keep prey in check –large herbivores that shape the habitat in which other species live –important plants that support particular insect species that are prey for birds –bats that disperse the seeds of plants
72
72 Species Interaction
73
73Competition
74
74 Resource Competition
75
75Competition Any interaction between two or more species for a resource that causes a decrease in the population growth or distribution of one of the species Resource competition or interspecific competition
76
76Competition Any interaction between two or more species for a resource that causes a decrease in the population growth or distribution of one of the species 1.Resource competition 2.Preemptive competition
77
77Competition Any interaction between two or more species for a resource that causes a decrease in the population growth or distribution of one of the species 1.Resource competition 2.Preemptive competition 3.Competitive exclusion
78
78 Competitive Exclusion
79
79
80
80Competition Any interaction between two or more species for a resource that causes a decrease in the population growth or distribution of one of the species 1.Resource competition 2.Preemptive competition 3.Competition exploitation 4.Interference competition
81
81Competition
82
82 PREDATION
83
83 Predator Adaptations Prey detection and recognition –sensory adaptations –distinguish prey from non-prey
84
84
85
85
86
86
87
87 Predator Adaptations Prey detection and recognition –sensory adaptations –distinguish prey from non-prey Prey capture –passive vs. active –individuals vs. cooperative
88
88
89
89
90
90
91
91
92
92
93
93 Predator Adaptations Prey detection and recognition –sensory adaptations –distinguish prey from non-prey Prey capture –passive vs. active –individuals vs. cooperative Eating prey –teeth, claws etc.
94
94
95
95
96
96
97
97
98
98 Prey Adaptations Avoid detection –camouflage, mimics, –diurnal/nocturnal
99
99
100
100
101
101
102
102
103
103 Prey Adaptations Avoid detection –camouflage, mimics, –diurnal/nocturnal Avoid capture –flee –resist –escape
104
104
105
105
106
106
107
107 Prey Adaptations Avoid detection –camouflage, mimics, –diurnal/nocturnal Avoid capture –flee –resist –escape Disrupt handling (prevent being eaten) –struggle? –protection, toxins
108
108
109
109
110
110Herbivory Herbivore needs to find most nutritious –circumvent plant defenses Herbivory strong selective pressure on plants –structural adaptations for defense –chemical adaptations for defense
111
111
112
112Herbivory
113
113Herbivory
114
114Herbivory
115
115 Symbiosis: Mutualists, Commensalists and Parasites
116
116 SPECIES INTERACTIONS: PARASITISM, MUTUALISM, AND COMMENSALIM Parasitism occurs when one species feeds on part of another organism. In mutualism, two species interact in a way that benefits both. Commensalism is an interaction that benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other species.
117
117 Symbiosis and symbiotic relationship are two commonly misused terms Translation of symbiosis from the Greek literally means “living together” Both positive and negative interactions
118
118 Mutualism DEFINITION: An interaction between two individuals of different species that benefits both partners in this interaction
119
119 Mutualism Increase birth rates Decrease death rates Increase equilibrium population densities, Raise the carrying capacity
120
120 Pollination Animals visit flowers to collect nectar and incidentally carry pollen from one flower to another Animals get food and the plant get a pollination service
121
121 Yucca’s only pollinator is the yucca moth. Hence entirely dependent on it for dispersal. Yucca moth caterpillar’s only food is yucca seeds. Yucca moth lives in yucca and receives shelter from plant. Yucca and Yucca Moth
122
122 Lichen (Fungi-Algae) Symbiotic relationship of algae and fungae…results in very different growth formas with and without symbiont. What are the benefits to the fungus?
123
123 Nitrogen Fixation Darkest areas are nuclei, the mid- tone areas are millions of bacteria Gram -, ciliate
124
124 Commensalists Benefit from the host at almost no cost to the host Eyelash mite and humans Us and starlings or house sparrows Sharks and remora
125
125 Parasites and Parasitoids Parasites: draw resources from host without killing the host (at least in the short term). Parasitoids: draw resources from the host and kill them swiftly (though not necessarily consuming them).
126
126 Parasitic wasps Important parasites of larvae. In terms of biological control, how would this differ from predation? ovipositor
127
127 Ecological Processes
128
128 Ecological Succession Primary and Secondary Succession gradual & fairly predictable change in species composition with time some species colonize & become more abundant; other species decline or even disappear.
129
129 Ecological Succession Gradual changing environment in favor of new / different species / communities
130
130
131
131 Primary Succession Glacier Retreat
132
132
133
133
134
134 Disturbance Event that disrupts an ecosystem or community; Natural disturbance tree falls, fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, & floods Human–caused disturbance deforestation, erosion, overgrazing, plowing, pollution,mining Disturbance can initiate primary and/or secondary succession
135
135 Ecological Stability Carrying Capacity – maximum number of individuals the environment can support
136
136 Ecological Stability - Stress 1.Drop in Primary Productivity 2.Increased Nutrient Losses 3.Decline or extinction of indicator species 4.Increased populations of insect pests or disease organisms 5.Decline in Species diversity 6.Presence of Contaminants
137
137 Which law directed the Secretary of the Interior to review every roadless area of 5,000 or more acres and every roadless island within National Wildlife Refuge and National Park Systems? A. Endangered Species Act B. Wilderness Act C. Lacey Act D. National Park Act E. Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
138
138 What are keystone species? A. existing in such small numbers that it is in danger of becoming extinct B. introduced to an environment where it is not native, and that has since become a nuisance C. likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range D. serve as early warnings of damage to a community E. presence and role within an ecosystem has a disproportionate effect on other organisms within the system
139
139 Who did Roosevelt appoint to head the newly created US Forest Service to protect and manage the world’s forests? A. E.O. Wilson B. Aldo Leopold C. Robert MacArthur D. Stephen Mather E. Gifford Pinchot
140
140 Mutualism benefits: A) one of the organisms & hurts the other B) neither of the organisms C) both of the organisms D) benefits one & doesn’t hurt the other E) only one of the organisms
141
141 Commensalism: A) benefits only one of the organisms B) benefits both organisms C) benefits one, doesn’t harm the other D) benefits neither of the organisms
142
142 Biodiversity: A) decreases with speciation and extinction B) decreases with speciation and increases with extinction C) increases with speciation and extinction D) increases with speciation and decreases with extinction
143
143 What is not a pre-zygotic barriers? A) behavioral isolation B) habitat isolation C) mechanical isolation D) hybrid isolation
144
144 Which of the following does species richness not depend on? A) rate of immigration B) island size C) distance from mainland D) types of species
145
145 Which is a species on which the persistence of a large number of other species in the ecosystem depends? A) r-strategists B) k-strategists C) nonnative D) keystone
146
146 What is not characteristic of a k-strategists? A) long life B) bigger bodies C) produce a lot of offspring D) produce late in life
147
147 What is not a predator adaptation? A) prey detection B) prey capture C) eating prey D) avoid detection E) mass numbers
148
148 Bibliography 1.Miller 11 th Edition 2.http://abandoncorporel.ca/medias/evolution.jpghttp://abandoncorporel.ca/medias/evolution.jpg 3.http://www.ne.jp/asahi/clinic/yfc/fetus.htmlhttp://www.ne.jp/asahi/clinic/yfc/fetus.html 4.rob.ossifrage.net/images/rob.ossifrage.net/images/ 5.http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Five_Kingdoms_Three_Domains.htmhttp://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Five_Kingdoms_Three_Domains.htm 6.http://www.gpc.peachnet.edu/~ccarter/Millerlec5/Millerlec5.PPThttp://www.gpc.peachnet.edu/~ccarter/Millerlec5/Millerlec5.PPT 7.http://www.dnr.state.md.us/education/horseshoecrab/lifecycle.htmlhttp://www.dnr.state.md.us/education/horseshoecrab/lifecycle.html 8.http://www.falcons.co.uk/mefrg/Falco/13/Species.htmhttp://www.falcons.co.uk/mefrg/Falco/13/Species.htm 9.http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/NamSpecies.htmhttp://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/NamSpecies.htm 10.http://www.falcons.co.uk/mefrg/Falco/13/Species.htmhttp://www.falcons.co.uk/mefrg/Falco/13/Species.htm 11.http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/complex_life/complex_life.htmlhttp://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/complex_life/complex_life.html 12.http://nsm1.nsm.iup.edu/rwinstea/oparin.shtmhttp://nsm1.nsm.iup.edu/rwinstea/oparin.shtm 13.http://www.angelfire.com/on2/daviddarling/MillerUreyexp.htmhttp://www.angelfire.com/on2/daviddarling/MillerUreyexp.htm 14.http://exobiology.nasa.gov/ssx/biomod/origin_of_life_slideshow/origin_of_life_slideshow.htmlhttp://exobiology.nasa.gov/ssx/biomod/origin_of_life_slideshow/origin_of_life_slideshow.html 15.http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/Geo104/HistoryofEarth.htmlhttp://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/Geo104/HistoryofEarth.html 16.http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/objectives/o2_cellular_components.htmlhttp://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/objectives/o2_cellular_components.html 17.http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/fossils/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/fossils/ 18.http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/halfli.htmlhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/halfli.html 19.http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1995/teach_rad.htmlhttp://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1995/teach_rad.html 20.http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/pi179.htmhttp://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/pi179.htm 21.http://www.npca.org/magazine/2001/march_april/nonnative_species.asphttp://www.npca.org/magazine/2001/march_april/nonnative_species.asp 22.http://www.bagheera.com/inthewild/spot_spkey.htmhttp://www.bagheera.com/inthewild/spot_spkey.htm 23.Biology, 2003, Prentice Hall 24.http://www.nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/island.htmhttp://www.nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/island.htm 25.http://www.valdosta.edu/~grissino/geog4900/lect_1.htmhttp://www.valdosta.edu/~grissino/geog4900/lect_1.htm
Similar presentations
© 2024 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.